Curious about the avian visitors gracing your Nova Scotia backyard? Delve into this comprehensive manual, designed to illuminate the art of discerning these feathered creatures through visual and auditory cues, while unveiling the precise moments throughout the year when they grace the province.
All year round, Nova Scotia’s backyard boasts an array of avian inhabitants, including the American Crow, the Black-capped Chickadee, the American Goldfinch, the Blue Jay, the European Starling, the Mourning Dove, the Dark-eyed Junco, the Rock Pigeon, the Downy Woodpecker, the Northern Cardinal, the Red-breasted Nuthatch, the Hairy Woodpecker, the Golden-crowned Kinglet, the White-breasted Nuthatch, and the Pileated Woodpecker.
As summer unfurls its vibrant tapestry, additional avian species make their presence known in Nova Scotia’s backyard. Look out for the Song Sparrow, the American Robin, the Northern Flicker, the Common Grackle, the Yellow-rumped Warbler, the White-throated Sparrow, the Red-winged Blackbird, the Purple Finch, the Common Yellowthroat, the Yellow Warbler, the Cedar Waxwing, the Northern Parula, the Black-and-white Warbler, the American Redstart, the Ruby-throated Hummingbird, and the Black-throated Green Warbler.
These commonly sighted backyard birds, frequently recorded by avid birdwatchers on ebird checklists, are the primary focus of this article. Gain access to invaluable identification information and captivating photographs, empowering you to not only identify these avian treasures but also entice a greater variety to your Nova Scotia haven.
Nova Scotia is a haven for avian enthusiasts, boasting a diverse array of 31 common backyard birds. Let’s embark on a whimsical journey, discovering these feathered wonders as we rearrange and reimagine their descriptions.
1. The American Crow:
Pondering the mysterious visitors adorning your Nova Scotia backyard? Look no further! Behold the American Crow, a ubiquitous sight throughout the year. This avian entity graces 57% of summer checklists and a staggering 63% of winter checklists submitted by astute birdwatchers.
The American Crow, a majestic creature cloaked in darkness, emits a hoarse, cawing melody, distinguishing its presence from afar.
- Scientific Name: Corvus brachyrhynchos
- Dimensions: Length – 15.8-20.9 in (40-53 cm), Weight – 11.2-21.9 oz (316-620 g), Wingspan – 33.5-39.4 in (85-100 cm)
Residing year-round in most of the contiguous United States, as well as the Canadian provinces and Alaskan coastlines, the American Crow showcases adaptability, prevailing in various habitats such as treetops, woodlands, fields, beaches, and even bustling towns.
Sustenance for these inquisitive creatures knows no bounds, encompassing a wide-ranging menu consisting of earthworms, insects, seeds, fruits, fish, young turtles, mussels, clams, and even the eggs and nestlings of fellow avian companions.
During winter, the American Crows gather in colossal flocks, a magnificent spectacle as they slumber in their raucous, communal roosts, their numbers swelling to an astounding two million individuals.
2. The Black-capped Chickadee:
Venturing deeper into the realm of Nova Scotia’s backyard avifauna, we encounter the charming Black-capped Chickadee, a steadfast resident throughout the year. Its unwavering presence graces 45% of summer checklists and 53% of winter checklists, leaving no room for doubt.
Featuring a delightful round head perched atop its diminutive frame, the Black-capped Chickadee is an enchanting visitor that delights in exploring backyard feeders and exhibiting boundless curiosity, even extending to human observers.
Distinguished by its ebony crown and beak, complemented by snowy cheeks, this delightful songbird adorns its back, wings, and tail with a subdued gray hue.
- Scientific Name: Poecile atricapillus
- Dimensions: Length – 4.7-5.9 in (12-15 cm), Weight – 0.3-0.5 oz (9-14 g), Wingspan – 6.3-8.3 in (16-21 cm)
Unlike migratory species, the Black-capped Chickadee remains a steadfast year-round companion, gracing the northern half of the United States and Canada with its charming presence.
Forests, open woods, and parks serve as favored haunts for these delightful creatures, while their diet encompasses a medley of seeds, berries, insects, spiders, and the occasional indulgence in suet.
3. The Song Sparrow:
As we traverse the avian tapestry of Nova Scotia, a melody in the form of the Song Sparrow emerges. Breeding within the province from March to October, this enchanting creature paints the summer checklists with a 62% presence and adds a touch of warmth to 28% of winter checklists.
Though its appearance may not boast flamboyance, the Song Sparrow captivates hearts through its persistent serenades, resonating through spring and summer as an alluring call to potential mates.
- Scientific Name: Melospiza melodia
- Dimensions: Length – 4.7-6.7 in (12-17 cm), Weight – 0.4-1.9 oz (12-53 g), Wingspan – 7.1-9.4 in (18-24 cm)
While residing year-round in the northern states of the United States, Song Sparrows that breed in Canada embark on a seasonal migration to the southern states for winter.
These delightful sparrows find solace in open, shrubby, and moist areas, often perching atop low shrubs as they fill the air with their melodic tunes. It’s not uncommon to spot them in your own backyard, particularly around feeding stations.
The Song Sparrow boasts a diverse diet, relishing in the consumption of insects such as beetles, caterpillars, midges, spiders, and earthworms. Fruits, including buckwheat, sunflower, raspberries, wild cherries, blackberries, wheat, and rice, also feature in their culinary repertoire.
4. The American Goldfinch:
Prepare to be captivated by the vibrant presence of the American Goldfinch, a year-round inhabitant of Nova Scotia. While their numbers surge during the breeding season from April to September, they maintain a consistent appearance, adorning 49% of summer checklists and 31% of winter checklists lovingly compiled by devoted birdwatchers.
The American Goldfinch showcases resplendent hues, with males donning a vibrant coat of bright yellow and black during spring. Females, along with males during winter, adopt a more subdued brown plumage.
- Scientific Name: Spinus tristis
- Dimensions: Length – 4.3-5.1 in (11-13 cm), Weight – 0.4-0.7 oz (11-20 g), Wingspan – 7.5-8.7 in (19-22 cm)
Stretching their presence across the majority of North America, American Goldfinches embrace a resident lifestyle year-round. However, those breeding in Canada and the Midwest undertake a migratory journey to the southern states for winter.
These captivating finches display a fondness for weedy fields and overgrown areas, diligently foraging amidst sunflower, thistle, and aster plants. Their charm extends to suburban neighborhoods, parks, and, of course, the welcoming embrace of backyard havens.
5. The Blue Jay:
A flash of vibrant blue captures the essence of the Blue Jay, a resident of Nova Scotia throughout the year. This charismatic creature graces 35% of summer checklists and 37% of winter checklists, leaving an indelible mark on the avian landscape.
With its distinctive blue plumage, upright crest, and contrasting black and white markings, the Blue Jay stands as a common sight in Nova Scotia’s vibrant backyards.
- Scientific Name: Cyanocitta cristata
- Dimensions: Length – 9.8-11.8 in (25-30 cm), Weight – 2.5-3.5 oz (70-100 g), Wingspan – 13.4-16.9 in (34-43 cm)
Enchanting observers in the eastern states of the United States and southern Canada year-round, the Blue Jay occasionally embarks on westward migrations for winter, albeit infrequently.
These lively birds travel in family groups, emitting their characteristic calls as they feast on acorns and other available treats. Oak-filled forests serve as their favored haunt, but they also frequent backyard feeders, spreading joy through their presence.
Acorns, insects, nuts, seeds, grains, and the occasional pilfering of eggs or nestlings constitute the Blue Jay’s diverse diet.
6. The European Star
Embark on a whimsical encounter with the European Starling, an introduced species that has become a year-round resident of Nova Scotia. With a consistent presence gracing up to 37% of both summer and winter checklists meticulously compiled by birdwatchers, these avian interlopers have firmly established their foothold.
European Starlings, though not native to the region, have become one of the most abundant songbirds in their adopted homeland. Their stocky frames are adorned with iridescent plumage, showcasing captivating hues of purple, green, and blue.
- Scientific Name: Sturnus vulgaris
- Dimensions: Length – 7.9-9.1 in (20-23 cm), Weight – 2.1-3.4 oz (60-96 g), Wingspan – 12.2-15.8 in (31-40 cm)
While European Starlings have successfully colonized the entirety of North America, excluding the northern reaches of Canada and Alaska, they are not without controversy. Regarded as pests by some due to their aggressive tendencies, these birds form expansive flocks, traversing the skies with their boisterous calls and congregating atop trees or soaring over open fields.
7. The American Robin:
As spring breathes life into Nova Scotia, the melodious American Robin graces the region with its breeding season presence. From April to July, their joyful trills resonate, earning them a place on 58% of summer checklists. Although some individuals remain throughout the year, they make a less frequent appearance, marking a modest 10% of winter checklists.
Distinguished by their black heads and backs, complemented by vibrant red or orange breasts, these avian visitors are a common sight on lawns, diligently searching for earthworms.
- Scientific Name: Turdus migratorius
- Dimensions: Length – 7.9-11.0 in (20-28 cm), Weight – 2.7-3.0 oz (77-85 g), Wingspan – 12.2-15.8 in (31-40 cm)
American Robins reside year-round in the contiguous United States, along with the coastlines of Western Canada and Alaska. However, those breeding in Canada and inland Alaska embark on a migratory journey, seeking refuge in southern states during the winter months.
Woodlands, forests, mountains, fields, parks, and manicured lawns all serve as suitable habitats for these versatile thrushes. Their diet spans a range of delicacies, including earthworms, insects, snails, and fruit.
8. The Mourning Dove:
Amongst the gentle serenade of Nova Scotia’s backyard, the graceful Mourning Dove establishes its presence year-round. Gracing 33% of summer checklists and 27% of winter checklists, these peaceful avian beings bring tranquility to their surroundings.
Mourning Doves exude elegance, with small heads, plump bodies, and gracefully elongated tails. A soft brown plumage is punctuated by subtle black wing spots, while males boast a slightly heavier physique than their female counterparts.
- Scientific Name: Zenaida macroura
- Dimensions: Length – 9.1-13.4 in (23-34 cm), Weight – 3.0-6.0 oz (96-170 g), Wingspan – 17.7 in (45 cm)
Across the vast expanse of the lower 48 states, Mourning Doves gracefully take flight, gracing the landscape with their gentle presence. While many remain in their chosen territories year-round, those breeding in the northern Midwest and southern regions of Canada may embark on migratory journeys.
Mourning Doves can be spotted perched on telephone wires, gazing upon the world below, or gracefully foraging for seeds on the ground in grasslands, fields, and even backyards. Their adaptable nature allows them to thrive in open areas as well as woodland edges.
9. The Dark-eyed Junco:
Year-round sightings of the Dark-eyed Junco bring a touch of charm to Nova Scotia’s backyard landscape. Found on approximately 22% of both summer and winter checklists, these sparrows add a delightful presence to the avian tableau.
Dark-eyed Juncos exhibit variations in coloration, with their hues dependent on geographic location. In the eastern regions, they sport a slate-colored plumage, while their counterparts in the west display a striking blend of black, white, and brown.
- Scientific Name: Junco hyemalis
- Dimensions: Length – 5.5-6.3 in (14-16 cm), Weight – 0.6-1.1 oz (18-30 g), Wingspan – 7.1-9.8 in (18-25 cm)
This delightful species thrives year-round in the northeastern and western states of the United States, as well as the majestic Appalachian Mountains. However, Canadian and Alaskan breeders embark on a migratory journey, seeking refuge in the southern reaches of the United States during the winter season.
Dark-eyed Juncos can be found in various habitats, ranging from open areas to partially wooded landscapes. They often grace the ground with their presence, foraging for sustenance. These charming sparrows are a common sight across the continent.
10. The Northern Flicker:
In the mosaic of Nova Scotia’s avian wonders, the Northern Flicker emerges as a captivating sight during the summer months, capturing the attention of 26% of checklists during this season. While some individuals linger throughout the winter, they make a more modest appearance, adorning 6% of winter checklists.
As a member of the woodpecker family, the Northern Flicker boasts a large frame, donning a brown plumage adorned with black spots. In flight, a white patch on their rump becomes apparent, and male individuals flaunt a vibrant red nape.
- Scientific Name: Colaptes auratus
- Dimensions: Length – 11.0-12.2 in (28-31 cm), Weight – 3.9-5.6 oz (110-160 g), Wingspan – 16.5-20.1 in (42-51 cm)
These charming woodpeckers reveal flashes of red or yellow in their wings and tail, indicative of their regional origin. The red-shafted variant inhabits the western regions, while the yellow-shafted counterpart graces the eastern landscapes.
Northern Flickers thrive across the United States throughout the year, with their summertime presence extending to the Canadian territories. Canadian breeders embark on a migratory journey southward to seek respite from the winter chill.
Ants, beetles, fruits, and seeds form the delectable repertoire of the Northern Flicker’s diet, often witnessed as they diligently excavate the ground with their uniquely curved bills.
11. Rock Pigeon:
Throughout the year, Rock Pigeons remain steadfast residents of Nova Scotia, gracing the province’s checklists with their presence on 13% of summer checklists and 20% of winter checklists.
Adorned in hues of blueish gray, Rock Pigeons showcase two elegant black bands on their wings and a touch of black on their tail tips. Their captivating appearance is further accentuated by iridescent throat feathers and captivating orange eyes.
- Scientific Name: Columba livia
- Dimensions: Length – 11.8-14.2 in (30-36 cm), Weight – 9.3-13.4 oz (265-380 g), Wingspan – 19.7-26.4 in (50-67 cm)
Rock Pigeons remain non-migratory, establishing their presence not only in Nova Scotia but also across all states of the United States, southern regions of Canada, and even along the Pacific Coast up to Alaska.
These resilient birds often find solace in urban environments, gracing cities with their graceful flight. However, their preference for birdseed on the ground has led to some cities implementing ordinances against feeding pigeons, deeming them as pests.
12. Common Grackle:
Despite being classified as a near-threatened species, Common Grackles are frequently sighted in Nova Scotia during the summer months, appearing on 34% of checklists. Their presence is most notable from April to August, but a few resilient individuals brave the winter and can be observed on 1% of winter checklists.
The Common Grackle stands tall, surpassing the typical blackbird in height and boasting a longer tail. Their glossy iridescent bodies contribute to their striking appearance.
- Scientific Name: Quiscalus quiscula
- Dimensions: Length – 11.0-13.4 in (28-34 cm), Weight – 2.6-5.0 oz (74-142 g), Wingspan – 14.2-18.1 in (36-46 cm)
While Common Grackles establish year-round residency in southeastern states, those that breed in Canada and the Midwest embark on a migratory journey southward during winter.
These opportunistic birds have a diverse diet, feasting on various crops with a particular preference for corn. They congregate in noisy groups, often perching high up in trees. Unfortunately, their adaptable nature leads them to scavenge for food in garbage, making them a potential nuisance. Common Grackles can be found in a range of habitats, including open woodlands, marshes, parks, and fields.
During winter, they join forces with other blackbird species, gathering in immense flocks that can number in the millions as they forage and roost together.
13. Downy Woodpecker:
Downy Woodpeckers grace Nova Scotia with their presence all year round, making appearances on 14% of summer checklists and 17% of winter checklists.
These small woodpeckers are frequent visitors to backyard feeders, often mingling with other avian companions like chickadees and nuthatches.
Featuring a striking black and white coloration, Downy Woodpeckers sport a red patch at the back of their heads. Although they bear resemblance to the Hairy Woodpecker, they are noticeably smaller in size.
- Scientific Name: Dryobates pubescens
- Dimensions: Length – 5.5-6.7 in (14-17 cm), Weight – 0.7-1.0 oz (21-28 g), Wingspan – 9.8-11.8 in (25-30 cm)
Downy Woodpeckers refrain from embarking on migrating journeys and can be spotted in most states and provinces, excluding the northern regions of Canada.
These resilient woodpeckers find solace in a variety of habitats, including woodlots, streamsides, city parks, and even backyards. Their diet mainly consists of insects and beetle larvae, but they also indulge in berries, acorns, and grains.
14. Yellow-rumped Warbler:
Yellow-rumped Warblers make their presence known during the breeding season in Nova Scotia, with their numbers swelling during migration periods from May to June and September to October. They grace approximately 26% of summer checklists and can be found on up to 41% of checklists during migration.
Sporting shades of gray, Yellow-rumped Warblers boast vibrant flashes of yellow on their faces, sides, and rumps, complemented by white accents on their wings.
- Scientific Name: Setophaga coronata
- Dimensions: Length – 4.7-5.5 in (12-14 cm), Weight – 0.4-0.5 oz (12-13 g), Wingspan – 7.5-9.1 in (19-23 cm)
Yellow-rumped Warblers predominantly breed in Canada, spanning regions such as the Rockies and the Appalachian mountains.
During migration, these warblers journey through the Midwest before finding respite in southern and southwestern US states, the Pacific Coast, Mexico, and Central America.
Coniferous forests serve as a favored habitat during the breeding season, while open areas with fruiting shrubs become their winter sanctuaries. In summer, their diet primarily consists of insects, while during migration and winter, they rely heavily on fruit, including bayberry and wax myrtle.
15. White-throated Sparrow:
White-throated Sparrows find solace in Nova Scotia during the breeding season, gracing the province’s checklists on approximately 22% of summer checklists. However, some individuals brave the harsh winters and remain, appearing on 10% of winter checklists.
Recognizable by their distinct black and white striped heads, bright white throats, and yellow patches between their eyes and bills, White-throated Sparrows present a charming appearance. Their backs don a brown hue, while their underbellies exhibit shades of gray.
- Scientific Name: Zonotrichia albicollis
- Dimensions: Length – 6.3-7.1 in (16-18 cm), Weight – 0.8-1.1 oz (22-32 g), Wingspan – 7.9-9.1 in (20-23 cm)
White-throated Sparrows embark on migratory journeys, primarily breeding in Canada before venturing south to eastern and southern US states, as well as the Pacific Coast, for winter.
These sparrows often congregate on the ground in forests, woodlands, and along the edges of wooded areas, displaying their sociable nature in large flocks.
Their diet mainly comprises seeds of grasses, weeds, and various fruits, including grapes, sumac, mountain ash, blueberry, blackberry, and dogwood. Additionally, they eagerly forage for insects from the forest floor during the summer months.
To attract White-throated Sparrows to backyard environments, providing millet and black oil sunflower seeds on platform feeders proves enticing to these delightful avian visitors.
16. Northern Cardinal:
The charismatic Northern Cardinals establish their presence in Nova Scotia throughout the year, gracing checklists on 12% of both summer and winter observations. Their striking red plumage, accentuated by black facial markings and crests, creates a remarkable sight, particularly against a backdrop of winter’s white.
Both males and females exhibit their own unique charm, with males showcasing brilliant red coloration, while females display a more subdued brown hue with hints of red and a sharp brown crest.
- Scientific Name: Cardinalis cardinalis
- Dimensions: Length – 8.3-9.1 in (21-23 cm), Weight – 1.5-1.7 oz (42-48 g), Wingspan – 9.8-12.2 in (25-31 cm)
Northern Cardinals reside predominantly in the eastern half of the United States, extending to certain southern states as far west as Arizona.
Dense vegetation serves as their preferred habitat, where they forage for seeds, fruits, and insects. During the breeding season, male Northern Cardinals fiercely defend their territories, even displaying aggression towards intruders, including humans who approach their nests. In winter, they congregate in large numbers, seeking refuge and roosting together.
17. Red-winged Blackbird:
The captivating Red-winged Blackbirds grace Nova Scotia during the breeding season, appearing on 26% of summer checklists. While most individuals embark on a southward migration for winter, a few resilient individuals choose to remain, making appearances on 1% of winter checklists.
Distinguished by their all-black plumage with striking reddish-orange wing patches, male Red-winged Blackbirds are easily recognizable. In comparison, females exhibit a more subdued, streaky brown coloration.
- Scientific Name: Agelaius phoeniceus
- Dimensions: Length – 6.7-9.1 in (17-23 cm), Weight – 1.1-2.7 oz (32-77 g), Wingspan – 12.2-15.8 in (31-40 cm)
Red-winged Blackbirds establish year-round residency in the lower 48 states and the Pacific Coast of British Columbia. However, those that breed in Canada and certain northern US states embark on a migratory journey southward for the winter.
These blackbirds can often be observed perched on telephone wires, passionately defending their territories during the breeding season. They exhibit a fascinating behavior of forming massive roosts during winter, with numbers reaching into the millions.
18. Purple Finch:
Purple Finches make their presence known in Nova Scotia during the breeding season, primarily from April to August. However, a resilient few choose to remain throughout the year, gracing checklists on 20% of summer checklists and 5% of winter checklists.
With males boasting reddish-purple heads and breasts, complemented by brown hues on their backs and wings, and females showcasing brown-streaked plumage, Purple Finches bear a striking resemblance to House Finches. However, their redder tones, particularly on the upper back, set them apart.
- Scientific Name: Haemorhous purpureus
- Dimensions: Length – 4.7-6.3 in (12-16 cm), Weight – 0.6-1.1 oz (18-32 g), Wingspan – 8.7-10.2 in (22-26 cm)
Purple Finches breed in Canada and migrate to eastern states for winter, although they can be found year-round in the northeast and Pacific coast.
These delightful finches frequent evergreen forests, where they feed on a diet consisting of seeds, buds, nectar, and berries.
19. Red-breasted Nuthatch:
Red-breasted Nuthatches are resilient residents of Nova Scotia throughout the year, gracing checklists on up to 12% of both summer and winter observations.
Featuring blue-gray plumage with striking black and white stripes on their heads and a rusty underside, these nuthatches present an eye-catching appearance.
- Scientific Name: Sitta canadensis
- Dimensions: Length – 4.3 in (11 cm), Weight – 0.3-0.5 oz (8-13 g), Wingspan – 7.1-7.9 in (18-20 cm)
Red-breasted Nuthatches establish year-round residency in northeastern and western states, as well as Alaska and Canada. However, they may embark on southward migrations during winter if cone crops are scarce.
These agile birds can be found in coniferous woods, where they expertly forage for cones. Additionally, they often pay visits to backyard feeders, adding a touch of charm to their surroundings.
20. Common Yellowthroat:
Common Yellowthroats grace Nova Scotia during the breeding season, capturing the attention of birdwatchers with their presence on 26% of summer checklists. They arrive in April and commence their migration in October.
Small in size, these songbirds exhibit brownish plumage on their backs and vibrant yellow tones underneath. The males don black masks across their faces, while the intensity of yellow can vary geographically, with some populations leaning towards olive tones.
- Scientific Name: Geothlypis trichas
- Dimensions: Length – 4.3-5.1 in (11-13 cm), Weight – 0.3-0.3 oz (9-10 g), Wingspan – 5.9-7.5 in (15-19 cm)
During the summer breeding season, Common Yellowthroats inhabit most of North America, with the exception of Alaska and northern Canada. Some individuals remain along the Gulf Coast and Pacific Southwest year-round. As winter approaches, they embark on migratory journeys southward.
Common Yellowthroats thrive in marshy or wetland areas and brushy fields, where they seek refuge amidst thick, tangled vegetation.
21. Hairy Woodpecker:
Hairy Woodpeckers establish year-round residency in Nova Scotia, gracing checklists on approximately 11% of both summer and winter observations.
Medium-sized and adorned with a black and white pattern, these woodpeckers bear a large white patch on their backs. Males exhibit a splash of red towards the back of their heads, adding a vibrant touch to their appearance.
- Scientific Name: Dryobates villosus
- Dimensions: Length – 7.1-10.2 in (18-26 cm), Weight – 1.4-3.4 oz (40-95 g), Wingspan – 13.0-16.1 in (33-41 cm)
Hairy Woodpeckers do not partake in migratory journeys and are found in all US states and Canada, excluding the far northern regions of Canada.
These resourceful woodpeckers can be found in woodlands, often perched on trunks or main branches of large trees. However, they also adapt to various habitats, including woodlots, parks, and cemeteries. In terms of diet, they primarily feed on insects, showcasing their adept foraging skills.
22. Yellow Warbler:
Yellow Warblers make their presence known in Nova Scotia during the breeding season, gracing checklists on 27% of summer observations. Their vibrant yellow plumage adds a splash of color to their surroundings.
These small songbirds boast yellow faces and heads, with an olive-yellow hue on their backs. Their wings display distinct white wingbars.
- Scientific Name: Setophaga petechia
- Dimensions: Length – 4.7-5.1 in (12-13 cm), Weight – 0.3-0.4 oz (9-11 g), Wingspan – 6.3-7.9 in (16-20 cm)
Yellow Warblers undertake extensive migrations, breeding in Canada and the United States (excluding southeastern states) before embarking on a journey southward to Central and South America for the winter. Some individuals can be observed during migration in southeastern US states.
Yellow Warblers favor habitats such as marshes, wetlands, and brushy fields, where they find ample food sources in the form of insects. They are particularly adept at capturing caterpillars, midges, beetles, bugs, and wasps.
23. Golden-crowned Kinglet:
Golden-crowned Kinglets establish year-round residency in Nova Scotia, appearing on up to 9% of both summer and winter checklists.
These tiny songbirds feature bright orange crown patches that can be lifted and flashed when they are excited. Olive-colored plumage adorns their backs, while their underbellies display a pale hue. A black-and-white striped face and a white wingbar add to their distinctive appearance.
- Scientific Name: Corthylio calendula
- Dimensions: Length – 3.5-4.3 in (9-11 cm), Weight – 0.2-0.3 oz (5-10 g), Wingspan – 6.3-7.1 in (16-18 cm)
Golden-crowned Kinglets that breed in Canada migrate southward across the United States. Some individuals choose to stay year-round in the Appalachians, mountainous areas of the West, or along the Pacific Coast.
These active birds can be found in a variety of habitats, ranging from forests and parks to backyards and old fields. Their diet primarily consists of insects, but they also consume seeds during the winter months.
24. Cedar Waxwing:
Cedar Waxwings are frequently spotted in Nova Scotia during the breeding season, primarily from June to October. However, some individuals remain year-round, making appearances on 14% of summer checklists and 1% of winter checklists.
These elegant and sociable birds exhibit pale brown plumage on their heads, chests, and crests, transitioning to a gray tone on their backs, wings, and tail. Their bellies boast a pale yellow color, intensifying towards the tail. A narrow black mask frames their eyes, and their wingtips showcase bright red accents.
- Scientific Name: Bombycilla cedrorum
- Dimensions: Length – 5.5-6.7 in (14-17 cm), Weight – 1.1 oz (32 g), Wingspan – 8.7-11.8 in (22-30 cm)
Cedar Waxwings establish year-round residency in the northern half of the United States. Individuals breeding in Canada migrate southward to the southern half of the US for the winter.
These birds frequent berry bushes, woodlands, and streams, where they find nourishment. They emit high-pitched calls and exhibit graceful flights, adding beauty to their surroundings.
25. White-breasted Nuthatch:
White-breasted Nuthatches establish year-round residency in Nova Scotia, gracing checklists on 5% of summer observations and 11% of winter observations. Their distinctive appearance and behavior make them a beloved sight among birdwatchers.
Featuring a blue-gray plumage and black and white stripes on their heads, White-breasted Nuthatches also exhibit a chestnut color on their lower belly and under the tail.
- Scientific Name: Sitta carolinensis
- Dimensions: Length – 5.1-5.5 in (13-14 cm), Weight – 0.6-1.1 oz (18-30 g), Wingspan – 7.9-10.6 in (20-27 cm)
White-breasted Nuthatches can be found year-round across the United States and southern Canada.
These nimble birds thrive in various habitats, including deciduous forests, woodland edges, parks, and yards with trees or feeders. White-breasted Nuthatches display a versatile diet, primarily consisting of insects such as beetles, larvae, ants, and spiders. They also consume seeds and nuts, including acorns, hawthorns, sunflower seeds, and occasionally corn crops. An intriguing behavior of the White-breasted Nuthatch is their habit of wedging large nuts and acorns into tree bark, using their bills to “hatch” them open and retrieve the seeds.
26. Northern Parula:
Northern Parulas spend the summer breeding season in Nova Scotia, making appearances on 21% of summer checklists. They begin to arrive in April and commence their migration in November.
These colorful warblers exhibit a captivating contrast of blueish-gray and yellow hues. Their backs showcase a bluish-gray color with a vibrant yellow patch on their back, accompanied by two white wingbars. Males feature a chestnut band that separates the yellow throat and chest, a feature shared with females. Juveniles possess a paler plumage.
- Scientific Name: Setophaga americana
- Dimensions: Length – 4.3-4.7 in (11-12 cm), Weight – 0.2-0.4 oz (5-11 g), Wingspan – 6.3-7.1 in (16-18 cm)
Northern Parulas predominantly breed in the eastern United States and Canada, excluding Alaska and northern regions. During winter, they migrate southward, reaching Central America and the Caribbean. Some individuals may overwinter in southern Florida.
These warblers can be spotted high up in deciduous forests, diligently foraging for insects as they flit among the branches.
27. Black-and-white Warbler:
Black-and-white Warblers make appearances in Nova Scotia during the breeding season, capturing attention on 19% of summer checklists.
As their name suggests, these warblers exhibit a striking black-and-white striped appearance. Male individuals possess a large black patch across the eye and cheek, with a darker black hue overall compared to females.
- Scientific Name: Mniotilta varia
- Dimensions: Length – 4.3-5.1 in (11-13 cm), Weight – 0.3-0.5 oz (8-15 g), Wingspan – 7.1-8.7 in (18-22 cm)
Black-and-white Warblers breed in the eastern United States and Canada. They embark on extensive migrations, spending winter in Florida, along the Gulf Coast, through Mexico, Baja California, the Caribbean, and northern South America. During migration, they can also be observed in central US states.
These agile warblers are known for their unique foraging behavior of hopping up and down tree trunks and branches in search of insects.
28. American Redstart:
American Redstarts grace Nova Scotia during the summer breeding season, appearing on 17% of checklists at this time. They arrive in May and continue their migratory journey as early as October.
Male American Redstarts captivate with their mostly black plumage adorned with bright orange patches and a white belly. Females, on the other hand, exhibit olive-gray tones instead of black, featuring numerous yellow patches.
- Scientific Name: Setophaga ruticilla
- Dimensions: Length – 4.3-5.1 in (11-13 cm), Weight – 0.2-0.3 oz (6-9 g), Wingspan – 6.3-7.5 in (16-19 cm)
American Redstarts breed in eastern US states and Canada, extending to northwestern US states. Some individuals remain year-round along the Gulf Coast and Pacific Southwest. During winter, they embark on a southward migration, traveling to Central America and the Caribbean.
These energetic birds can be found in deciduous woodlands during the breeding season, where they actively feed on insects. They also frequent backyards and thickets, where they indulge in the consumption of berries such as serviceberry and magnolia.
29. Ruby-throated Hummingbird:
Ruby-throated Hummingbirds make their presence known in Nova Scotia during the summer, appearing on 11% of checklists during this time. They spend the breeding season in the province, primarily observed from May to October. However, some individuals start arriving as early as April, while a few remain until December.
These captivating birds display bright green plumage on their backs and crowns, complemented by a gray-white underside. Male Ruby-throated Hummingbirds boast an iridescent red throat, while females feature green backs and white underbellies with brownish crowns and sides.
- Dimensions: Length – 2.8-3.5 in (7-9 cm), Weight – 0.1-0.2 oz (2-6 g), Wingspan – 3.1-4.3 in (8-11 cm)
Ruby-throated Hummingbirds hold the distinction of being the only breeding hummingbird species in eastern North America. Following the breeding season, they embark on a southward migration, traveling to Central America, Mexico, and northern parts of South America for the winter. Some individuals undertake a remarkable journey, crossing the Gulf of Mexico, while others migrate along the coast of Texas.
These tiny birds, known for their remarkable hovering flight, zip between nectar sources and catch insects in midair or from spider webs. They occasionally perch on small twigs, but their short legs restrict them from walking. In summer, they can be found in flowering gardens, woodland edges, and towns, often frequenting nectar feeders.
30. Black-throated Green Warbler:
Black-throated Green Warblers grace Nova Scotia during the summer breeding season, appearing on 16% of checklists. They are predominantly observed from mid-April to mid-November.
These small warblers boast yellow faces and heads, accompanied by an olive-yellow hue on their backs. The wings and sides exhibit black streaking, while the underparts are whitish. Male individuals possess prominent black patches on their throats, whereas females and juveniles exhibit smaller versions of this feature.
- Scientific Name: Setophaga virens
- Dimensions: Length – 4.3-4.7 in (11-12 cm), Weight – 0.3-0.4 oz (7-11 g), Wingspan – 6.7-7.9 in (17-20 cm)
Black-throated Green Warblers undertake extensive migrations, breeding in the eastern United States and Canada. During the winter, they travel to Mexico, northern South America, and the Caribbean. These warblers can be spotted high up in forests, where they actively search for insects. Their black throat serves as a distinguishing feature, setting them apart from other small yellow birds in their habitat.
31. Pileated Woodpecker:
Throughout the year, Pileated Woodpeckers can be found residing in Nova Scotia, making appearances on 4% of summer checklists and 2% of winter checklists.
These magnificent woodpeckers hold the title for being the largest in North America, sporting a striking triangular crest in fiery red.
Their plumage is predominantly black, adorned with a white stripe. When in flight, the white undersides of their wings become visible. Male individuals boast an additional red stripe on their cheeks.
- Scientific Name: Dryocopus pileatus
- Dimensions: Length – 15.8-19.3 in (40-49 cm), Weight – 8.8-12.3 oz (250-350 g), Wingspan – 26.0-29.5 in (66-75 cm)
Pileated Woodpeckers are year-round residents, thriving in the eastern United States, across Canada, and into the northwestern states.
Their diet primarily consists of carpenter ants found in decaying trees and fallen logs. Additionally, they indulge in beetle larvae, termites, and various other insects. Fruits and nuts such as blackberries, sumac berries, dogwood, and elderberry also contribute to their dietary preferences. These woodpeckers are known for their resonant calls, emitting a loud, shrill, whinnying sound, along with their deep and vigorous drumming.
Best Bird Feeders to Attract Birds:
To attract a diverse range of bird species to your backyard in Nova Scotia, employing a variety of bird feeders is recommended:
- Tube Feeders: These can be filled with different types of birdseed, attracting various bird species depending on the seed used. Black oil sunflower seeds tend to entice Goldfinches, Chickadees, Woodpeckers, Nuthatches, and Pine Siskins.
- Ground Feeders or Tray Feeders: Placing a tray beneath a Tube Feeder and filling it with black oil sunflower seeds can attract Cardinals, Jays, Finches, and Sparrows.
- Platform Feeders: Offering Millet or Corn on platform feeders can attract small and medium-sized birds such as sparrows, blackbirds, Towhees, Juncos, Doves, Grackles, and Starlings.
- Peanut Feeders: These feeders entice Woodpeckers, Chickadees, Nuthatches, Titmice, Jays, Juncos, Finches, and Sparrows.
- Suet Feeders: Especially beneficial during winter, suet feeders attract Woodpeckers, Cardinals, Nuthatches, Kinglets, Wrens, and Chickadees.
- Hummingbird Feeders: While primarily attracting hummingbirds, these feeders may also entice other bird species.
How to Attract Birds to Your Backyard in Nova Scotia:
Implementing the following steps will enhance the habitat in your backyard, attracting a diverse range of bird species in Nova Scotia:
- Provide bird feeders that cater to different bird species, encouraging a greater variety of visitors.
- Incorporate a water feature, such as a birdbath, fountain, or stream, ensuring clean and non-stagnant water.
- Cultivate native plants that provide food and shelter, including trees and shrubs that bear fruit, berries, and nuts. Examples include blackberries, wild grasses, elderberries, serviceberries, oaks, beeches, cherries, sumacs, hemlocks, purple coneflowers, sunflowers, milkweed, cardinal flowers, trumpet honeysuckle, Virginia creeper, buttonbush, and dogwoods.
- Allow your grass to grow longer, providing cover and a source of seeds
- Maintain a brush pile, which serves as a source of food, protection, and nesting opportunities for birds.
- Avoid using pesticides and herbicides in your yard, as these can be toxic to birds and disrupt their natural foraging behavior.
- Install nest boxes to attract breeding birds, ensuring they are cleaned annually.
How to Identify Birds:
To effectively identify birds while birding in Nova Scotia, keep the following tips in mind:
- Size: Take note of the bird’s size, categorizing it as small, medium, or large based on comparisons to familiar species.
- Shape: Observe the bird’s silhouette, paying attention to tail length, bill shape, wing shape, and overall body shape.
- Color pattern: Note the dominant colors of the head, back, belly, wings, and tail, as well as any secondary colors or patterns. Look for banding, spots, or highlights.
- Behavior: Watch the bird’s behavior, noting whether it is on the ground or in trees, alone or in flocks, and its feeding habits.
- Habitat: Consider the specific habitat in which the bird is observed, such as woodlands, parks, shrubs, grasslands, meadows, shores, or marshes.
- Utilize bird identification apps like those provided by eBird or Audubon to assist in identifying and documenting bird species.
By implementing these strategies and honing your observation skills, you can enhance your birding experience and identify a wide array of bird species in Nova Scotia.