Discover the ultimate handbook designed to assist you in identifying the various warbler species frequently found in the state of Virginia. Through captivating photo identification and detailed descriptions, as well as enchanting audio recordings of their melodious songs and intriguing fun facts, this guide offers an immersive experience for bird enthusiasts.
Warblers, these petite migratory songbirds, embark on remarkable journeys spanning vast distances, from their wintering grounds in South America to their breeding habitats as far as Canada. Vibrant and agile, these avian marvels streak through the skies in a vibrant display of yellow and green, serenading us with a captivating medley of melodies.
Referred to as wood-warblers in North America due to their affinity for woodlands and forests, these delightful creatures may occasionally subject you to the discomfort of “warbler neck” — a consequence of craning your neck upwards while using binoculars to spot them perched high among the trees.
While warblers primarily sustain themselves on insects, they occasionally grace backyard feeders in search of seeds or mealworms. Additionally, you can explore a plethora of other bird species that frequent Virginia by accessing and printing a complimentary identification chart.
This comprehensive guide serves as a reliable resource for identifying regularly occurring warbler species in Virginia. Utilizing avibase and incorporating data sourced from avid birdwatchers on ebird, this compilation provides authentic information regarding the optimal periods for spotting these winged creatures.
Within this guide, you’ll be treated to the unique songs of each warbler species, accompanied by a comprehensive catalog of their distinct vocalizations. However, if you desire further assistance, you can consult our supplementary guide, featuring 13 easily recognizable warbler songs.
A Compilation of 37 Warbler Species in Virginia:
1. Yellow-rumped Warbler
Yellow-rumped Warblers, known as winter visitors in Virginia, witness an increase in numbers during migration. Bird watchers have reported their presence in 19% of winter checklists and up to 35% of checklists during migration in the state.
Sporting shades of gray complemented by vibrant flashes of yellow on their faces, sides, and rumps, as well as white wings, these warblers captivate observers. Female individuals may display a slight brownish hue, while winter birds exhibit paler brown tones that transition to bright yellow and gray as spring arrives.
Comprising two subspecies, the Myrtle Warbler, which lacks a yellow throat and inhabits the eastern US and Canadian boreal forests, and Audubon’s Warbler from the western region, featuring more extensive white wing markings.
- Setophaga coronata
- Length: 4.7-5.5 in (12-14 cm)
- Weight: 0.4-0.5 oz (12-13 g)
- Wingspan: 7.5-9.1 in (19-23 cm)
Yellow-rumped Warblers predominantly breed in Canada, the Rockies, and the Appalachian mountains.
During migration, these birds traverse the Midwest before seeking refuge in southern and southwestern US states, along the Pacific Coast, and venturing into Mexico and Central America.
Coniferous forests serve as favored habitats for Yellow-rumped Warblers during the breeding season. Come winter, they seek out open areas adorned with fruiting shrubs. Their diet primarily consists of insects during summer and migration, transitioning to a preference for fruits such as bayberry and wax myrtle during winter.
Yellow-rumped Warbler Song:
Credit: Christopher McPherson, XC602699. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/602699.
Female Yellow-rumped Warblers diligently construct nests within conifer trees, employing twigs, pine needles, and grass. These cozy abodes feature linings of soft grass, moss, and hair. The nesting period spans approximately two weeks until the hatching of the eggs, followed by an additional two weeks before the young fledge the nest.
To attract Yellow-rumped Warblers to your backyard, provide a feast of sunflower seeds, suet, raisins, and peanut butter.
Fun Fact: During winter, Yellow-rumped Warblers form flocks numbering in the thousands and exhibit an assertive nature towards other species that encroach upon their space.
2. Common Yellowthroat
Common Yellowthroats, prevalent in Virginia during the breeding season, appear in 19% of summer checklists.
Donning brownish plumage on their backs and bright yellow hues beneath, along with their lengthy tails, Common Yellowthroats exemplify small songbirds. Males showcase black masks adorning their faces. Notably, the intensity of their yellow plumage varies across geographical regions, with a tendency for more olive tones underneath.
- Geothlypis trichas
- Length: 4.3-5.1 in (11-13 cm)
- Weight: 0.3-0.3 oz (9-10 g)
- Wingspan: 5.9-7.5 in (15-19 cm)
Common Yellowthroats breed across most of North America, excluding Alaska and northern Canada. Some individuals remain along the Gulf Coast and Pacific Southwest throughout the year, while others embark on a southward migration for the winter.
You’re likely to spot Common Yellowthroats in marshy or wetland areas, thriving amidst the thick tangles of vegetation.
Common Yellowthroat Song:
Credit: Paul Marvin, XC629250. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/629250.
Female Common Yellowthroats construct nests close to the ground within marshy regions, utilizing reeds as support structures. Composed of grass and sedges, these nests rest upon leaf and grass platforms. A clutch typically consists of up to six eggs, requiring approximately twelve days for hatching, followed by a similar duration until the young fledge.
To entice Common Yellowthroats to your spacious backyard, ensure dense vegetation and native plants that beckon an abundance of insects.
Fun Fact: The black masks sported by male Common Yellowthroats serve as signals to other males during courtship rituals. Interestingly, these birds demonstrate aggression when fake birds bearing masks are introduced, but remain unresponsive when the intruders lack the signature mask.
3. Pine Warbler
Pine Warblers maintain a year-round presence in Virginia, with their highest visibility observed between February and June. They feature in 8% of summer checklists and 4% of winter checklists submitted by vigilant birdwatchers.
Exhibiting plump, yellow physiques accentuated by olive-colored backs, white lower bellies, and gray wingbars, Pine Warblers radiate a distinct charm. Female individuals may display a slightly browner appearance, with more prominent white markings on their bellies.
- Setophaga pinus
- Length: 5.1-5.5 in (13-14 cm)
- Weight: 0.3-0.5 oz (9-15 g)
- Wingspan: 7.5-9.1 in (19-23 cm)
Pine Warblers primarily breed in the northeastern United States before migrating to the southeastern regions. Some individuals opt to remain year-round in the southeastern states.
As their name implies, you’ll encounter Pine Warblers amidst pine forests, often occupying lofty perches within the trees. Their diet consists predominantly of caterpillars, beetles, spiders, and other insects and larvae. In colder weather, they may supplement their menu with fruit and seeds.
Pine Warbler Song:
Credit: Christopher McPherson, XC602052. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/602052.
Pine Warblers expertly craft their nests within pine trees, utilizing twigs, bark, pine needles, and grass. These materials are skillfully bound together with spider silk, while the interiors are adorned with feathers and animal hair. A typical clutch encompasses up to five eggs, requiring two weeks for incubation, followed by an additional ten days until the young venture out into the world.
To attract Pine Warblers to your sanctuary, consider offering tube feeders and platform feeders brimming with millet, cracked corn, sunflower seeds, peanut hearts, and suet. Additionally, cultivating native fruit-bearing plants and vines such as bayberry, grape, sumac, and Virginia creeper may serve as irresistible enticements.
Fun Fact: Pine Warblers stand out among their warbler counterparts as avid consumers of seeds. This unique preference increases the likelihood of their presence at backyard feeders.
4. Ovenbird
Ovenbirds grace the landscapes of Virginia during the summer months, but their numbers escalate during migration. They feature in 13% of checklists during summer and commence their migratory journey in October.
Compared to their warbler counterparts, Ovenbirds may appear drab, characterized by olive-green plumage on their backs and black-and-white speckled undersides.
- Seiurus aurocapilla
- Length: 4.3-5.5 in (11-14 cm)
- Weight: 0.6-1.0 oz (16-28 g)
- Wingspan: 7.5-10.2 in (19-26 cm)
Ovenbirds breed across northeastern US states and Canada, the Midwest, and parts of northwest Canada. During migration, they traverse eastern US states. Come winter, these warblers seek refuge in Florida, Mexico, Central America, northern South America, and the Caribbean.
In forests, you’ll find Ovenbirds busily foraging on the ground, sifting through layers of fallen leaves in their quest for insects.
Ovenbird Song:
Credit: Christopher McPherson, XC602036. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/602036.
Ovenbirds’ nests are typically situated on or near the ground, cleverly concealed beneath logs or shrubs. Females expertly construct these domed structures using leaves, grass, bark, and other plant materials. Featuring a side entrance, the nests are lined with animal hair. A clutch typically comprises five eggs, with an
incubation period of approximately twelve days, followed by an additional two weeks until the young fledge.
Fun Fact: Ovenbirds derive their name from the distinctive shape of their nests, which bears a striking resemblance to a Dutch oven.
5. Northern Parula
Northern Parulas take up residence in Virginia during the breeding season, but their population surges during migration. They appear in 11% of summer checklists and feature in up to 21% of checklists during spring migration.
Boasting a captivating blend of blueish-gray and yellow hues, Northern Parulas enchant observers. Their backs showcase a bluish-gray tone with a delightful yellow patch, complemented by two white wingbars.
Both male and female Northern Parulas sport a chestnut band separating their yellow throats and chests. Females display paler tones, while juveniles exhibit a lighter appearance.
- Setophaga americana
- Length: 4.3-4.7 in (11-12 cm)
- Weight: 0.2-0.4 oz (5-11 g)
- Wingspan: 6.3-7.1 in (16-18 cm)
Northern Parulas breed across eastern US states and southeastern Canada before embarking on a journey to Central America and the Caribbean for winter. Some individuals opt to remain in southern Florida throughout the winter season.
High up amidst deciduous forests, you’ll discover Northern Parulas diligently feasting on insects.
Northern Parula Song:
Credit: Christopher McPherson, XC599828. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/599828.
Nests of Northern Parulas are intricately woven within long clumps of lichen and moss, draping gracefully from tree branches. These nests prove challenging to spot, concealed within sizable clusters of hanging moss during the summer months.
To attract Northern Parulas to your backyard, cultivate native trees and shrubs, particularly those adorned with enticing berries. Furthermore, leaving brush piles intact creates insect-friendly havens.
Fun Fact: In Northern Parula society, it is the females who bear the responsibility of rearing the young. Incubation of eggs and feeding tasks fall under their purview. Meanwhile, males serenade with their songs and diligently remove fecal sacs.
6. American Redstart
American Redstarts primarily grace Virginia during migration, yet a portion of their population also breeds within the state. They appear in 10% of summer checklists and feature in up to 20% of checklists during the fall migration.
Clad in predominantly black plumage adorned with vibrant orange patches and a white belly, American Redstarts emanate a striking allure. Female individuals exhibit an olive-gray hue in lieu of black, accompanied by yellow accents.
- Setophaga ruticilla
- Length: 4.3-5.1 in (11-13 cm)
- Weight: 0.2-0.3 oz (6-9 g)
- Wingspan: 6.3-7.5 in (16-19 cm)
American Redstarts breed across eastern US states, Canada, and the northwestern region of the country. During migration, they may also make appearances in central and western US states.
Whether exploring deciduous woodlands, backyard havens, or thickets, American Redstarts diligently seek out insects and indulge in delectable berries such as serviceberry and magnolia.
American Redstart Song:
Credit: Nick Kiehl, XC522368. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/522368.
American Redstart nests are commonly situated close to the trunk of trees or within large shrubs. These nests comprise a fusion of bark, grass, and other plant materials. A clutch typically encompasses up to five eggs, with an incubation period just shy of two weeks, followed by one to two weeks until the young leave the nest.
To attract American Redstarts to your backyard, consider incorporating berry plants like magnolia and serviceberry into the landscape.
Fun Fact: American Redstart parents selectively choose which chicks to feed, rather than providing for the entire brood simultaneously.
7. Black-and-white Warbler
Black-and-white Warblers make appearances in Virginia during the breeding season, yet their prevalence soars during migration. They appear in 8% of summer checklists and feature in up to 19% of checklists during migration.
Distinguished by their striking striped appearance, Black-and-white Warblers are relatively easy to identify. Males boast a prominent black patch across the eye and cheek, exhibiting a deeper black hue compared to females.
Mniotilta varia
Length: 4.3-5.1 in (11-13 cm)
Weight: 0.3-0.5 oz (8-15 g)
Wingspan: 7.1-8.7 in (18-22 cm)
Black-and-white Warblers breed across the eastern United States and Canada. Winter months find them seeking refuge in Florida, along the Gulf Coast, Mexico, Baja California, the Caribbean, and northern South America. Migration journeys bring them to central US states.
You’re likely to spot Black-and-white Warblers expertly hopping up and down tree trunks and branches, as they tirelessly search for insects.
Black-and-white Warbler Song:
Credit: Christopher McPherson, XC600300. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/600300.
Nests of Black-and-white Warblers are discreetly hidden close to or on the ground, often nestled beneath logs or shrubs. These nests are crafted from bark, grass, pine needles, and meticulously woven into a cup-like structure. Lined with feathers and animal hair, these cozy abodes serve as the incubation sites for a clutch of around five eggs. The incubation period spans approximately eleven days, with an additional ten days until the young depart the nest.
8. Prairie Warbler
Prairie Warblers enchant Virginia with their presence primarily from April to October, gracing 5% of summer checklists.
These small songbirds exude an aura of elegance with their olive-green backs and yellow throats and bellies. Their sides feature distinctive black streaks, while a dark semicircle beneath the eye adds further allure. Female Prairie Warblers possess grayer heads and exhibit a more subdued color palette.
Setophaga discolor
Length: 4.3 in (11 cm)
Weight: 0.2-0.3 oz (6.4-8.8 g)
Prairie Warblers breed across eastern and southeastern US states, seeking winter refuge in Florida, the Caribbean, and select coastal regions of Central America. Notably, certain individuals remain year-round residents in Florida, representing distinct subspecies with slightly larger proportions.
Contrary to their name, Prairie Warblers primarily inhabit fields and forests, where they eagerly feast on insects, spiders, and snails. Their unique tail-bobbing behavior while traversing branches is a delightful sight to behold.
Prairie Warbler Song:
Credit: Christopher McPherson, XC602057. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/602057.
Prairie Warblers fashion their nests within trees and shrubs, employing plant materials, leaves, grass, and spider webs for reinforcement. These cozy abodes receive final touches of soft feathers and fur, ensuring optimal comfort. A clutch typically encompasses up to five eggs, with an incubation period of approximately two weeks. Afterward, the young birds require around ten days before embarking on their first flights.
Fun Fact: Male Prairie Warblers possess two distinct songs—one designed to attract females and another to ward off competing males.
9. Yellow-throated Warbler
Yellow-throated Warblers grace Virginia mainly during the breeding season, making appearances in 4% of summer checklists. Their sightings are typically observed between mid-March and September.
These captivating warblers exhibit gray and white plumage adorned with black stripes and vibrant yellow throats. White bellies and tails further enhance their charm. Female and juvenile Yellow-throated Warblers don a paler appearance.
Setophaga dominica
Length: 5.1-5.5 in (13-14 cm)
Weight: 0.3-0.4 oz (9-11 g)
Wingspan: 8.3 in (21 cm)
Yellow-throated Warblers breed across the southeastern United States before embarking on a winter sojourn to Florida, the Caribbean, and the Gulf Coast, extending into Central America. Notably, some individuals choose to remain year-round residents in Florida.
Typically occupying the uppermost regions of pine trees, Yellow-throated Warblers diligently forage for insects. During migration, their foraging behavior may extend to lower levels.
Yellow-throated Warbler Song:
Credit: Paul Marvin, XC460438. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/460438.
Nests of Yellow-throated Warblers are ingeniously constructed within Spanish moss, suspended gracefully from tree branches. Composed of grasses, weeds, and moss woven into a cup-shaped structure, these nests provide a secure abode for a clutch of around four eggs. Incubation lasts up to two weeks.
To attract Yellow-throated Warblers to your backyard, foster an environment featuring native plants and undisturbed areas. These factors entice the presence of insects, a vital food source for these vibrant songbirds.
Fun Fact: Yellow-throated Warblers have experienced a resurgence in recent years after a period of decline. Since 1966, their population has increased by an impressive 50%.
10. Yellow Warbler
Yellow Warblers grace Virginia during the summer season, featuring in 5% of checklists during this time. Their presence is most prominent from April to September, with a few individuals extending their stay until January.
Sporting vibrant yellow plumage with a yellow-green back, Yellow Warblers radiate a cheerful aura. Male individuals exhibit chestnut streaks on their breasts, while females and juveniles possess a more subdued appearance.
Setophaga petechia
Length: 4.7-5.1 in (12-13 cm)
Weight: 0.3-0.4 oz (9-11 g)
Wingspan: 6.3-7.9 in (16-20 cm)
Yellow Warblers embark on extensive migrations, breeding in Canada and the United States (excluding southeastern states) before venturing into Central and South America for winter. Southeastern US states witness their presence during migration.
You’ll find Yellow Warblers along streams, wetlands, and the edges of fields, where they skillfully forage for insects, including caterpillars, midges, beetles, bugs, and wasps.
Yellow Warbler Song:
Credit: Richard E. Webster, XC662546. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/662546.
Nests of Yellow Warblers are often nestled within small trees or shrubs, meticulously crafted from bark, grass, and plant materials intricately woven together and secured with spider webs. The interiors receive a lining of softer materials such as hair, feathers, and plant down. A clutch typically consists of up to seven eggs, requiring around twelve days for incubation, followed by an additional ten days until the young leave the nest.
To attract Yellow Warblers to your backyard, provide suet, oranges, peanut butter, and plant native species that yield berries. Additionally, create birdbaths with fountains near secluded vegetation to offer protection.
Fun Fact: Cowbirds often lay their eggs in Yellow Warbler nests. However, when detected, Yellow Warblers construct a new nest on top of the old one, restarting the process multiple times—up to six instances!
11. Black-throated Blue Warblers
The migratory patterns of Black-throated Blue Warblers in Virginia are quite common, but some individuals choose to spend their breeding season in the western part of the state as well. During the summer, they can be found on approximately 5% of checklists, and during spring migration, their presence increases to as much as 16%.
These captivating warblers exhibit a delightful combination of rich blue plumage on their backs and white undersides. Unlike the predominantly yellow warblers, they stand out with their unique coloration. Female Black-throated Blue Warblers, on the other hand, possess a more modest appearance with their grayish-olive feathers.
- Scientific Name: Setophaga caerulescens
- Length: 4.3-5.1 in (11-13 cm)
- Weight: 0.3-0.4 oz (8-12 g)
- Wingspan: 7.5-7.9 in (19-20 cm)
Black-throated Blue Warblers primarily breed in the northeastern states of the US and Canada. During migration, they can be observed flying over the eastern US before making their way to Central America and the Caribbean for the winter.
These warblers tend to inhabit lower areas of deciduous forests, shrubby regions, and occasionally venture into backyards in search of spiders, flies, and caterpillars.
Song of the Black-throated Blue Warbler:
Credit: XC415422 by Étienne Leroy, available at www.xeno-canto.org/415422.
When it comes to nesting, Black-throated Blue Warblers prefer concealed locations within dense shrubs. Their nests are skillfully crafted using bark, spiders’ webs, and saliva, forming a secure structure. The interior is lined with animal hair and pine needles. A typical clutch consists of up to five eggs, which require approximately two weeks of incubation. Once hatched, the young birds spend around ten days in the nest before taking flight.
Fun Fact: Black-throated Blue Warblers exhibit an interesting behavior after the breeding season. They actively listen for the songs of successful males, as it indicates areas where breeding attempts were fruitful, while unsuccessful males do not sing.
12. Hooded Warblers
Hooded Warblers, known for their presence during the breeding season, can be found in Virginia from mid-March until October. They are recorded in approximately 6% of summer checklists.
Male Hooded Warblers showcase a striking appearance with a bright yellow face, complemented by a distinctive black hood and throat. Their upper bodies are olive-green, while their undersides display a vibrant yellow hue. Notably, they have white feathers under their tails, which become visible when they flick them up. In contrast, females and immature individuals exhibit a more yellowish plumage without the black facial markings.
Scientific Name: Setophaga citrina
Length: 5.1 in (13 cm)
Weight: 0.3-0.4 oz (9-12 g)
Wingspan: 6.9 in (17.5 cm)
Hooded Warblers primarily breed in eastern states of the US before embarking on a journey southward to Central America and the Caribbean for the winter.
These warblers can be spotted in forests with dense understories, where they diligently hunt for insects and spiders.
Song of the Hooded Warbler:
Credit: XC425019 by Matt Wistrand, available at www.xeno-canto.org/425019.
When it comes to nesting, Hooded Warblers select locations near forests and clearings, building their nests within shrubs. These nests are carefully constructed using bark, grass, and plant materials, intricately woven into a cup shape. They lay approximately four eggs, which
take around twelve days to hatch. After spending another nine days in the nest, the young warblers are ready to venture out into the world.
To attract Hooded Warblers to your backyard, consider incorporating native shrubs and plants that attract insects while providing suitable cover.
Fun Fact: Hooded Warblers possess white spots on their tails, which are believed to startle insects, making them easier to catch during foraging activities.
13. Louisiana Waterthrushes
Louisiana Waterthrushes can be observed in Virginia during the breeding season, primarily from March to September, with their presence noted in around 4% of summer checklists.
Compared to other warblers, Louisiana Waterthrushes may appear drab in appearance. They boast a brown plumage on their upper bodies and a pale underside. Notable features include a white eyebrow stripe and long pink legs.
- Scientific Name: Parkesia motacilla
- Length: 5.9-6.1 in (15-15.5 cm)
- Weight: 0.6-0.8 oz (18.2-22.9 g)
- Wingspan: 9.4-10.6 in (24-27 cm)
Louisiana Waterthrushes breed in eastern US states and can also be spotted during migration in the southeast. During winter, they migrate to Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean, returning to their breeding grounds in early spring.
These waterthrushes can be found along streams and moving water within woodlands, where they actively hunt for insects, vertebrates, and larvae.
Song of the Louisiana Waterthrush:
Credit: XC691609 by Christopher McPherson, available at www.xeno-canto.org/691609.
Nests of Louisiana Waterthrushes are discreetly nestled along the banks of streams, often hidden among roots or under logs. The construction of their nests involves leaves, pine needles, and other plant materials intricately woven together with mud. The interior is then lined with softer materials like moss and hair. A typical clutch comprises up to six eggs, which require approximately two weeks of incubation.
Fun Fact: Distinguishing between Louisiana and Northern Waterthrushes can be achieved by observing their bill sizes and habitat preferences. Louisiana Waterthrushes possess larger bills and exhibit a preference for running water, while Northern Waterthrushes tend to prefer still water.
14. Palm Warblers
Palm Warblers are predominantly spotted in Virginia during migration, although some individuals can also be observed during the winter season.
Palm Warblers showcase a unique appearance, characterized by a rusty red patch atop their heads and a browny-olive coloration across the rest of their bodies. Individuals in the western regions may possess whiter bellies. Male and female Palm Warblers exhibit similar appearances during the breeding season, while non-breeding birds display duller crowns.
- Scientific Name: Setophaga palmarum
- Length: 4.7-5.5 in (12-14 cm)
- Weight: 0.3-0.5 oz (7-13 g)
- Wingspan: 7.9-8.3 in (20-21 cm)
Palm Warblers predominantly breed in Canada and can be observed during migration in eastern US states. Some individuals spend their winters in Florida and along the southeastern coast.
You can often spot Palm Warblers during the spring and fall migration in weedy fields, forest edges, and scrubby areas. They are frequently seen foraging on the ground for insects, often mingling with other birds such as Sparrows, Juncos, and Yellow-rumped Warblers.
Song of the Palm Warbler:
Credit: XC189604 by Richard E. Webster, available at www.xeno-canto.org/189604.
Nests of Palm Warblers are typically found in bogs and boreal forests, constructed on the ground. These nests are skillfully woven using grass, sedge, and ferns, forming a cup shape and lined with soft grass, feathers, and animal hair. A typical clutch consists of around five eggs.
To attract Palm Warblers to your backyard, consider planting native plants that attract insects, as well as bayberry or hawthorn, which provide them with berries.
Fun Fact: Unlike many warbler species, Palm Warblers exhibit a unique behavior of walking on the ground while bobbing their tails, aiding in their search for insects.
15. The Black-throated Green Warbler
The Black-throated Green Warbler is commonly observed in western Virginia during the summer months and throughout the state during migration. Their presence is noted from mid-March to November.
Black-throated Green Warblers are small yellow songbirds with a yellow face and head, accompanied by an olive-yellow back. They possess distinctive black streaking on the sides and wings, while their undersides appear whitish. Males showcase large black patches on their throats, although these patches are smaller in females and juveniles.
- Scientific Name: Setophaga virens
- Length: 4.3-4.7 in (11-12 cm)
- Weight: 0.3-0.4 oz (7-11 g)
- Wingspan: 6.7-7.9 in (17-20 cm)
Black-throated Green Warblers embark on extensive migrations across the eastern United States, reaching their breeding grounds in northeastern US states and Canada. During the winter, they reside in Mexico, northern South America, and the Caribbean.
These warblers can primarily be found high up in forests, feeding on insects. Their distinguishing feature, the black throat, facilitates their differentiation from other small yellow birds.
Song of the Black-throated Green Warbler:
Credit: XC187636 by Paul Driver, available at www.xeno-canto.org/187636.
Nests of Black-throated Green Warblers are constructed in small trees, close to the trunk. The nests are skillfully woven using twigs, bark, spiders’ webs, and lined with animal hair, moss, and feathers. A typical clutch consists of approximately four eggs, which hatch after twelve days of incubation. The young birds require an additional ten days before leaving the nest.
To attract Black-throated Green Warblers to your backyard, consider providing mature trees for their roosting and resting needs.
Fun Fact: Male Black-throated Green Warblers can sing more than 400 times in an hour. Additionally, they engage in a unique “gloating” flight after successfully driving off rivals.
16. Prothonotary Warblers
Prothonotary Warblers spend the breeding season in Virginia, typically from April to October, and can be found in approximately 4% of summer checklists.
Prothonotary Warblers display vibrant appearances, featuring bright yellow plumage with blue-gray wings and tails. They are relatively large for warblers and possess thick black beaks. Additionally, they exhibit white undersides of their tails. While males are strikingly vibrant, females appear less bright in comparison.
- Scientific Name: Protonotaria citrea
- Length: 5.1 in (13 cm)
- Weight: 0.44 oz (12.5 g)
- Wingspan: 8.75 in (22 cm)
Prothonotary Warblers breed in eastern US states and undertake a winter migration to Mexico and northern South America.
These warblers can be spotted near streams and in wet woodlands, where they actively forage for spiders, insects, and snails. During the winter months, they may also consume fruit and seeds.
Song of the Prothonotary Warbler:
Credit: XC565451 by Matt Wistrand, available at www.xeno-canto.org/565451.
Nests of Prothonotary Warblers are typically located in tree cavities that were previously used by woodpeckers. The male prepares the nest by placing moss inside, and then the female constructs a cup-shaped nest using grass, leaves, and other plant materials.
They lay up to seven eggs, which require approximately two weeks to hatch. The young birds leave the nest after about ten days.
To attract Prothonotary Warblers to your backyard, consider installing nest boxes if you reside near wetland areas.
Fun Fact: Prothonotaries derived their name from the bright yellow robes known as “prothonotaries” worn by members of the Roman Catholic Church.
17. Yellow-breasted Chats
Yellow-breasted Chats spend their summers in Virginia, primarily from April to September, although a few individuals remain throughout the year. They are noted in around 6% of checklists during this period.
Yellow-breasted Chats feature bright yellow breasts and long tails. Their back plumage is olive-gray, and they possess gray heads with distinct white eye and chin markings. The lower region of their bellies appears white.
Scientific Name: Icteria virens
Length: 7.1 in (18 cm)
Weight: 0.8-1.1 oz (23-31 g)
Wingspan: 9.8 in (25 cm)
Yellow-breasted Chats breed across most US states, extending into southern Canada. During the winter, they migrate to Central America and coastal Mexico.
These chats can be observed in blackberry bushes, fields, and forest edges, where they actively feed on spiders, insects, and berries.
Song of the Yellow-breasted Chat:
Credit: XC512276 by Peter Ward and Ken Hall, available at www.xeno-canto.org/512276.
Nests of Yellow-breasted Chats are carefully concealed in shrubs, skillfully constructed using grass, leaves, and plant materials woven into a cup shape. Unfortunately, these nests are sometimes targeted by Brown-headed Cowbirds, who lay their eggs within them.
Yellow-breasted Chats lay up to six eggs, which require approximately eleven days to hatch. The young birds leave the nest after around ten days.
Fun Fact: Male Yellow-breasted Chats engage in unique fighting behavior by grappling with their feet. During courtship displays, they perform dramatic flight maneuvers while singing and conclude with a thumping of their wings.
18. Blackpoll Warblers
Blackpoll Warblers, a near-threatened species in Virginia, are observed during migration, predominantly in May and from September to October. They appear in up to 16% of checklists during spring migration and 5% during fall migration.
Male Blackpoll Warblers exhibit black-and-white streaked plumage with a distinct black cap and white cheeks. Females and non-breeding individuals also display black-and-white patterns but lack the black cap and white cheeks.
During late summer, they undergo molting and transition into yellow plumage with darker streaking on the back.
Scientific Name: Setophaga striata
Length: 5.5 in (14 cm)
Weight: 0.4-0.5 oz (12-13 g)
Wingspan: 8.3-9.1 in (21-23 cm)
Blackpoll Warblers breed primarily in Canada and are observed during spring migration in the eastern United States. In the fall, they undertake a long-distance journey to their winter grounds in South America and the Caribbean.
These warblers can be found in forests, where they predominantly feed on spiders and insects. During the fall season, they also consume fruits such as honeysuckle and pokeberry.
Song of the Blackpoll Warbler:
Credit: XC598813 by Christopher McPherson, available at www.xeno-canto.org/598813.
Nests of Blackpoll Warblers are commonly located near the trunks of fir trees. The nest construction involves twigs and lichen, skillfully assembled by the female. They lay up to five eggs, which require approximately twelve days to hatch. The young birds leave the nest after around ten days.
Fun Fact: Blackpoll Warblers embark on an incredible non-stop flight over the Atlantic Ocean during the fall migration, traveling from their breeding grounds to South America. However, during spring migration, they take a route that includes stopovers in the Caribbean, enabling them to fly over land.
19. Magnolia Warblers
Magnolia Warblers can be observed in Virginia during the spring and fall migration periods.
Male Magnolia Warblers exhibit a black back and yellow undersides. They display black streaking forming a distinctive “necklace” pattern on their necks and extending down their bellies. In winter, males undergo molting and adopt green and white plumage, resembling breeding females.
- Scientific Name: Setophaga magnolia
- Length: 4.3-5.1 in (11-13 cm)
- Weight: 0.2-0.5 oz (6-15 g)
- Wingspan: 6.3-7.9 in (16-20 cm)
Magnolia Warblers breed across Canada and northeastern US states. During migration, they can be spotted in the eastern United States. They spend the winter season in Central America and the Caribbean.
These warblers are commonly found perched on low branches in forests or parks, making them more visible during migration. They primarily feed on insects and spiders.
Song of the Magnolia Warbler:
Credit: XC512264 by Peter Ward and Ken Hall, available at www.xeno-canto.org/512264.
Nests of Magnolia Warblers are loosely constructed using grass, weeds, and bark. They are typically positioned near the trunk of conifer trees. The female lays approximately four eggs, which require about twelve days to hatch. The young birds leave the nest after approximately nine days.
To attract Magnolia Warblers to your backyard, consider planting native shrubs and trees that provide resting places during migration.
Fun Fact: Magnolia Warblers utilize the white spots on their tails as a visual display to attract females and deter rivals.
20. Chestnut-sided Warblers
Chestnut-sided Warblers are observed migrating across Virginia, but they also spend the breeding season in the western part of the state. They can be seen from mid-April to October.
Male Chestnut-sided Warblers feature bright yellow crowns and distinct black masks. They have gray undersides with chestnut-colored streaks along the sides. During winter, males molt into green and white plumage, resembling breeding females.
Females are paler in comparison to males and lack the black facial markings. They retain the chestnut streaks on the sides and yellow crown during the breeding season. In winter, the chestnut streaks diminish, and the crown becomes brighter. Juveniles resemble winter females.
- Scientific Name: Setophaga pensylvanica
- Length: 4.7-5.5 in (12-14 cm)
- Weight: 0.4-0.5 oz (10.7-14.3 g)
- Wingspan: 7.5-8.3 in (19-21 cm)
Chestnut-sided Warblers breed in northeastern US states and southeastern Canada. They can be observed during migration over the eastern United States. During winter, they migrate to their wintering grounds.
These warblers can be found on forest edges or within thickets, primarily foraging for insects. They particularly favor forests that have undergone disturbance and are in the process of regeneration after events such as fires, logging, or floods.
Song of the Chestnut-sided Warbler:
Credit: XC600739 by Christopher McPherson, available at www.xeno-canto.org/600739.
Nests of Chestnut-sided Warblers are positioned low to the ground in trees and shrubs. They are constructed using grass, weeds, bark, and woven into a cup shape. The nest is lined with softer materials. They lay up to five eggs, which require approximately twelve days to hatch. The young birds leave the nest after around eleven days.
Fun Fact: Chestnut-sided Warblers show a preference for regenerating forests and tend to seek new breeding locations once the forests have fully restored themselves after approximately ten years.
21. The Worm-eating Warbler
The Worm-eating Warbler, a relatively dull-looking species compared to other warblers, can be observed in Virginia from April to October, appearing on about 3% of summer checklists in the state. These warblers have a greenish-gray coloration, with buffy-yellow heads featuring distinctive black stripes through the eye and crown.
Scientific Name: Helmitheros vermivorum
Length: 4.4-5.2 in (11.2-13.1 cm)
Weight: 0.4-0.5 oz (12-14 g)
Wingspan: 7.9-8.7 in (20-22 cm)
Worm-eating Warblers have a smaller territory compared to many other warbler species, and they primarily breed in eastern US states. They can also be spotted during migration in the southeastern US and coastal areas.
These warblers are commonly found in forests, often near the ground, where they feed on caterpillars rather than worms, despite their name.
Song of the Worm-eating Warbler:
Credit: XC600083 by Christopher McPherson, available at www.xeno-canto.org/600083.
Nests of Worm-eating Warblers are constructed with dried leaves and moss, typically placed on the ground near shrubs. They lay around five eggs, which take approximately fifteen days to hatch, followed by another ten days for the young to leave the nest.
Fun Fact: Worm-eating Warblers display site fidelity, returning to the exact same locations in summer and winter each year.
22. Cape May Warbler
During migration, the Cape May Warbler can be observed in Virginia, primarily from April to May and August to October. They appear on up to 8% of checklists during these periods.
Male Cape May Warblers display distinctive features such as chestnut cheeks, dark caps, and a yellow ring around their necks. Their upper bodies are mottled yellow-olive, while their undersides show dark streaks on a yellow background. In comparison, females are less vibrant, with a paler appearance and lacking the black facial markings. In winter, their colors become even more subdued.
- Scientific Name: Setophaga tigrina
- Length: 4.7-5.1 in (12-13 cm)
- Weight: 0.4-0.5 oz (10.2-15.2 g)
- Wingspan: 7.9-8.7 in (20-22 cm)
Cape May Warblers breed in Canada and northeastern US states. During migration, they pass over eastern US states and winter in the Caribbean, as well as a narrow coastal region in the Yucatan Peninsula and Central America.
These warblers can be found in spruce forests during the breeding season, but during migration, they can be spotted in various habitats, especially near woodland edges and scrub, where insects are abundant.
Song of the Cape May Warbler:
Credit: XC103509 by Andrew Spencer, available at www.xeno-canto.org/103509.
Nests of Cape May Warblers are built high in spruce trees, typically near the trunk. They are constructed using twigs, pine needles, bark, and secured with spider silk. The nest is lined with softer materials such as moss, grass, hair, and needles. They lay up to nine eggs.
To attract Cape May Warblers to your backyard, consider planting native shrubs and trees that provide a food source and provide cover for these birds. They may also visit fruit feeders and hummingbird feeders during their wintering period.
Fun Fact: Cape May Warblers possess specialized tongues adapted for lapping up nectar, curled to form a tube shape.
23. The Blackburnian Warbler
The Blackburnian Warbler, which can be seen during migration in Virginia from April to June and August to October, is recorded in about 3% of checklists during these periods.
Male Blackburnian Warblers are striking birds with black and orange plumage. They have orange throats and face markings, black backs and wings, and white bellies with black streaks. Females, on the other hand, have a yellower appearance. One distinct feature of both males and females is the dark triangles on each side of their faces, near their eyes.
- Scientific Name: Setophaga fusca
- Length: 4.3-4.7 in (11-12 cm)
- Weight: 0.3-0.4 oz (8.9-12.6 g)
- Wingspan: 7.9-9.1 in (20-23 cm)
Blackburnian Warblers can be observed during migration in eastern US states, and they breed in Canada and northeastern US states. Some individuals may even breed as far south as Virginia or North Carolina. They spend their winters in South America.
These warblers can be found in woods and forests, particularly in search of caterpillars. However, their preference for the treetops often makes them difficult to spot, as they remain hidden by leaves.
Song of the Blackburnian Warbler:
Credit: XC317904 by Hal Mitchell, available at www.xeno-canto.org/317904.
Nests of Blackburnian Warblers are located high up in conifer trees and constructed with twigs, bark, and plant material. The nests are secured to branches with spider silk and lined with softer materials like moss, grass, hair, and needles. They lay approximately four eggs, which hatch in just under two weeks.
Fun Fact: Male Blackburnian Warblers are known for their acrobatic territorial displays. They chase rivals by flying in loops, descending at great speeds in a whirling motion, and raising and spreading their tails.
24. Northern Waterthrushes
Northern Waterthrushes migrate across Virginia and are typically spotted from April to May and September to October.
These thrush-like birds have brown heads with thick, white eyebrows, dark brown backs, and white bellies with heavy streaking from their throats to their rumps.
- Scientific Name: Parkesia noveboracensis
- Length: 5.75 inches (15 cm)
- Weight: 0.8 oz (23 g)
- Wingspan: 8.75 inches (22 cm)
Northern Waterthrushes breed in Canada, Alaska, and northeastern US states before embarking on their migration to Mexico, Central and South America, and the Caribbean. Some individuals may even remain in Central and South America year-round.
You can find Northern Waterthrushes in dark, woody swamps, thickets, and bogs. They are often attracted to areas with still or sluggish water within forested habitats. In their wintering grounds, they tend to favor mangroves.
These waterthrushes are adept at both aquatic and terrestrial foraging. Their long legs enable them to walk on shallow water while searching for water beetles, mosquitoes, slugs, crustaceans, snails, and even small fish. They also feed on caterpillars, moths, and ants, which they find under leaves.
Song of the Northern Waterthrush:
Credit: XC416169 by Jeff Dyck, available at www.xeno-canto.org/416169.
Nests of Northern Waterthrushes are typically located in hollows or crevices near water sources. They can be concealed in moss-covered stumps or tucked under jutting banks. Ferns often provide natural camouflage for the nests. Females construct the nests using moss, twigs, pine needles, bark strips, and roots. They lay three to six eggs and undertake the incubation process alone, which lasts around two weeks.
Fun Fact: Northern Waterthrushes are known for their unique walking behavior. Instead of hopping, they prefer to walk on the ground, bobbing their tails and appearing slightly off balance.
25. Canada Warblers
Canada Warblers can be spotted in Virginia from mid-April to October, appearing on about 1% of summer checklists.
These warblers bear a resemblance to the Magnolia Warbler and share a similar range. However, Canada Warblers feature a grayish-black back, and the black “necklace” found in males extends only over the chest, not the belly. They have yellow chests, bellies, and throats.
Females and immatures of the Canada Warbler possess a similar appearance, but they exhibit paler coloring on the back and lack the prominent “necklace” seen in males.
- Scientific Name: Cardellina canadensis
- Length: 4.7-5.9 in (12-15 cm)
- Weight: 0.3-0.5 oz (9-13 g)
- Wingspan: 6.7-8.7 in (17-22 cm)
Canada Warblers breed in Canada and northeastern US states. During migration, they can be seen across the eastern half of the US. In the winter, they migrate to South America.
You can find Canada Warblers foraging for insects and spiders in rhododendron-filled conifer forests, as well as aspen and poplar forests. Due to declining populations, they have become more challenging to locate.
Song of the Canada Warbler:
Credit: XC512275 by Peter Ward and Ken Hall, available at www.xeno-canto.org/512275.
Nests of Canada Warblers are built near the ground in shrubs or ferns. They are constructed using grass, bark, leaves, and other plant materials, forming a cup-like structure. They typically lay up to six eggs, which hatch in approximately twelve days, followed by eight more days for the young to leave the nest.
Fun Fact: Canada Warblers undertake impressive migrations, traveling over 3,000 miles each way from their wintering to breeding grounds.
26. Cerulean Warblers
Cerulean Warblers are commonly spotted in Virginia during the breeding season, typically from mid-April to September. They appear in about 1% of summer checklists.
Male Cerulean Warblers are small songbirds with vibrant blue heads adorned with a black band around their necks. Their backs and sides showcase shades of blue with black streaks, while their throats, breasts, and bellies are white. Two white bars can be observed on their wings.
Females exhibit a bluish-green coloration, with yellow eyebrows and a yellowish tinge underneath. They lack the streaks found on the backs of males. Juveniles display more olive tones but possess the same eyebrows as females, along with prominent side streaks and double wing bars.
- Scientific Name: Setophaga cerulea
- Length: 4.5-5 inches (11-13 cm)
- Weight: 0.3 oz. (9 g)
- Wingspan: 7.5 inches (19 cm)
Cerulean Warblers breed in the Midwest, extending to the east coast. During migration, they can be observed in southeastern states as they journey towards their wintering grounds in South America.
You can find Cerulean Warblers in mature forests with deciduous trees that have large leaves. During migration, they tend to favor forested mountains.
These warblers predominantly forage in trees, capturing insects in flight or searching among leaves and branches for insects like caterpillars.
and other small invertebrates. Their diet primarily consists of insects.
The song of Cerulean Warblers is a delightful addition to the natural symphony of the forests. They produce a melodious tune characterized by various notes and trills.
Song of the Cerulean Warbler:
Credit: XC600735 by Christopher McPherson, available at www.xeno-canto.org/600735.
Nests of Cerulean Warblers are cup-shaped and typically located in the higher, horizontal branches of trees. They are constructed using twigs, bark, dried grass, and held together with spider silk. The nest is lined with softer materials such as moss, fur, and grass. The female is responsible for incubating the three to five eggs, which hatch in approximately thirteen days.
Fun Fact: When exiting their nests, female Cerulean Warblers perform a remarkable maneuver. They tumble to the ground like a falling leaf but quickly release their wings and fly near the ground.
27. Tennessee Warblers
Tennessee Warblers are observed during migration in Virginia, particularly in May and from September to October. They appear in approximately 1% of checklists during spring migration and 4% during fall migration.
Male Tennessee Warblers feature gray heads, green backs, and pale whitish undersides. Females, on the other hand, have greener plumage with yellow undersides and green heads. Males have a distinctive white eyestripe, while females possess a yellow eyestripe. Both genders exhibit white patches under their tails.
- Scientific Name: Leiothlypis peregrina
- Length: 3.9-5.1 in (10-13 cm)
- Weight: 0.3-0.3 oz (8-10 g)
- Wingspan: 7.5-7.9 in (19-20 cm)
Tennessee Warblers embark on an extensive migration journey from Central America to Canada. Along the way, they can be seen in various eastern US states.
You can find Tennessee Warblers primarily in wooded habitats, where they forage for caterpillars and other insects. They are agile hunters, adept at capturing prey among the trees.
Song of the Tennessee Warbler:
Credit: XC444969 by Christopher McPherson, available at www.xeno-canto.org/444969.
Nests of Tennessee Warblers are concealed in moss or nestled among tree roots. They are skillfully constructed using grass and weeds, forming a cup-like structure. The female lays around six eggs, and the incubation period lasts approximately twelve days. Once hatched, the young birds remain in the nest for an additional ten days before taking their first flight.
Fun Fact: Despite their name, Tennessee Warblers do not breed or spend significant time in Tennessee. The name originates from the state where they were first observed and named.
28. Kentucky Warblers
Kentucky Warblers are commonly observed in Virginia during the summer months, ranging from April to October. The best time to spot them is typically in May and June.
Kentucky Warblers exhibit bright yellow plumage on their undersides and olive-green coloring on their upper parts. They possess black crowns and inverted triangles below their eyes. Female Kentucky Warblers have grayer caps instead of black.
- Scientific Name: Geothlypis formosa
- Length: 5.1 in (13 cm)
- Weight: 0.5-0.5 oz (13-14 g)
- Wingspan: 7.9-8.7 in (20-22 cm)
Kentucky Warblers breed in eastern US states and can be seen during migration in Florida and along the Gulf Coast. They spend the winter months in Mexico and Central America.
You can find Kentucky Warblers foraging on or near the ground in dense vegetation within forests. Their
diet primarily consists of insects and their larvae, as well as spiders.
Song of the Kentucky Warbler:
Credit: XC563607 by Thomas G. Graves, available at www.xeno-canto.org/563607.
Nests of Kentucky Warblers are typically concealed within shrubs and constructed using leaves, grass, and other plant materials. Some nests may be hidden under a dome of woven stalks. The female lays up to six eggs, and the incubation period lasts around twelve days. After hatching, it takes approximately nine days for the young birds to leave the nest.
Fun Fact: During courtship, male and female Kentucky Warblers engage in spirited chases, attracting other birds to join in the dance.
29. Bay-breasted Warblers
Bay-breasted Warblers migrate across Virginia and are frequently spotted during May and from September to October.
Male Bay-breasted Warblers display gray and black-streaked backs with reddish-brown crowns and breasts. They have white undersides and black faces with a white patch behind their faces. However, their appearance differs during the breeding season compared to the fall molt, often resembling Blackpoll Warblers.
Female Bay-breasted Warblers share similarities with males but exhibit less reddish-brown coloring and lack black facial markings in breeding plumage. Non-breeding females and juveniles feature yellowish-green heads, necks, and upper backs.
- Scientific Name: Setophaga castanea
- Length: 5.5 in (14 cm)
- Weight: 0.3-0.6 oz (10-17 g)
- Wingspan: 7.9-8.7 in (20-22 cm)
Bay-breasted Warblers breed in Canada and migrate across eastern US states. During winter, they reside in South America.
You can find Bay-breasted Warblers predominantly in spruce and fir forests during the breeding season, where they feed on spruce budworms. However, they can be observed in various forest types during migration. In winter, their diet includes berries.
Song of the Bay-breasted Warbler:
Credit: XC184374 by Paul Driver, available at www.xeno-canto.org/184374.
Nests of Bay-breasted Warblers are primarily constructed by females on lower branches of spruce or fir trees. They utilize twigs, bark, dried grass, and secure the nest with spider silk. The interior is lined with pine needles, soft grass, and animal hair. The female lays up to seven eggs.
Fun Fact: Bay-breasted Warblers play a crucial role in controlling spruce budworm populations. They can consume over 10,000 budworms per hectare in just 40 days, making their nests more prevalent during budworm outbreaks.
30. Nashville Warblers
Nashville Warblers are not commonly observed in Virginia, but they have been spotted during migration, particularly in the fall from September to October.
Nashville Warblers predominantly display yellow plumage with a green back and a gray head adorned with a white eye-ring. Females and juveniles have less vibrant coloring compared to males. Notably, they possess distinct white bellies located between their yellow breasts and under their tails.
Scientific Name: Leiothlypis ruficapilla
Length: 4.3-5.1 in (11-13 cm)
Weight: 0.2-0.5 oz (6.7-13.9 g)
Wingspan: 6.7-7.9 in (17-20 cm)
Nashville Warblers breed in northeastern US states, Canada, and a smaller population in northwestern US states and British Columbia. They migrate across various states during their journey and spend winters in South America.
You can find Nashville Warblers in scrubby habitats and low deciduous forests, where they actively hunt for insects.
Song of the Nashville Warbler:
Credit: XC512262 by Peter Ward and Ken Hall, available at www.xeno-canto.org/512262.
Nests of Nashville Warblers are typically situated close to the ground and constructed using bark, moss, grass, and woven together. They lay around five eggs, which require approximately twelve days to hatch. After hatching, the young birds remain in the nest for about ten days before venturing out on their own.
Fun Fact: During migration, Nashville Warblers initially follow the Atlantic Coast, but subsequent migrations lead them inland.
31. Orange-crowned Warblers
The presence of Orange-crowned Warblers in Virginia occurs mainly during the winter season, spanning from September to mid-May.
These warblers possess a more subdued coloration compared to other members of their species, showcasing a yellow-olive hue that leans towards yellow on the Pacific Coast. The distinctive orange crown, from which they derive their name, is a rare sight. While males and females share a similar appearance, juveniles tend to exhibit a grayer plumage.
- Scientific Name: Leiothlypis celata
- Length: 4.3-5.5 in (11-14 cm)
- Weight: 0.3-0.4 oz (7-11 g)
- Wingspan: 7.5 in (19 cm)
Orange-crowned Warblers breed in Canada and certain western US states before embarking on migration routes that encompass the Pacific, East, and Gulf Coasts, as well as Mexico. Their migratory path covers various US states, excluding the northeastern region.
These warblers can be found in shrubby areas and low vegetation, although they tend to nest in open woodlands. Their diet primarily consists of spiders, insects like caterpillars and flies, as well as fruit, berries, and seeds. They occasionally visit backyard feeders.
Song of the Orange-crowned Warbler:
Credit: XC671865 by Paul Marvin, available at www.xeno-canto.org/671865.
Nests of Orange-crowned Warblers are constructed near or on the ground, using materials such as dead leaves, twigs, and stems, and lined with soft grass and animal hair. A typical clutch consists of up to six eggs.
Fun Fact: Orange-crowned Warblers demonstrate a unique behavior of drinking from the sapwells created by sapsuckers and woodpeckers.
32. Blue-winged Warblers
During the spring and fall migration, it is common to spot Blue-winged Warblers in Virginia.
These warblers derive their name from the bluish-gray shade present on their wings. Adult individuals feature a yellow-green coloration on their upper body, accompanied by a black eye line that extends from their long bill across the eye, creating an expression reminiscent of anger.
The breast and belly of Blue-winged Warblers predominantly exhibit a bright yellow hue, with females displaying a slightly paler shade that often makes them indistinguishable from the males. Adults possess two white wing bars, while the juveniles’ wing bars are faint and almost imperceptible.
- Scientific Name: Vermivora cyanoptera
- Length: 4.75 inches (12 cm)
- Weight: 0.3 oz (9 g)
- Wingspan: 6.75 – 7.5 inches (17 – 19 cm)
Blue-winged Warblers breed in the midwest and central US states before embarking on migration routes that pass through southern states, eventually reaching their wintering grounds in Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean.
Abandoned brushy fields, forest edges, and thickets serve as the preferred habitats for Blue-winged Warblers. They exhibit a preference for areas with higher elevations, characterized by ample grass and a dense canopy cover.
In their foraging endeavors, Blue-winged Warblers primarily target insects and spiders found among various plants and trees. They are known to exhibit unique behaviors, such as hanging upside down from tree branches to investigate leaf undersides for insect larvae, which they feed to their young.
Song of the Blue-winged Warbler:
Credit: XC598819 by Christopher McPherson, available at www.xeno-canto.org/598819.
Nests of Blue-winged Warblers are typically situated on the ground, within thick bushes or in the undergrowth. These cup-shaped nests are primarily constructed using dead leaves. The female lays four to seven eggs, and the incubation period lasts approximately 12 days.
Fun Fact: Blue-winged Warblers often engage in hybridization with Golden-winged Warblers, resulting in the emergence of Brewster’s and Lawrence’s Warblers.
33. Wilson’s Warblers
Although relatively uncommon, Wilson’s Warblers can be observed migrating across Virginia, particularly during May and September.
These warblers are characterized by their small, rounded bodies, predominantly yellow plumage, and a distinctive large black cap in males, while females sport a smaller black cap.
Scientific Name: Cardellina pusilla
Length: 3.9-4.7 in (10-12 cm)
Weight: 0.2-0.3 oz (5-10 g)
Wingspan: 5.5-6.7 in (14-17 cm)
Wilson’s Warblers breed in Canada, Alaska, and northwestern US states, but they can be encountered during migration throughout all US states. They spend their winter months in Mexico and Central America.
Thickets along streams and forest edges serve as prime habitats for Wilson’s Warblers, as they scour these areas for insects, larvae, spiders, and other invertebrates.
Song of the Wilson’s Warbler:
Credit: XC561438 by Thomas G. Graves, available at www.xeno-canto.org/561438.
Nests of Wilson’s Warblers are skillfully concealed on the ground near trees or shrubs. They are constructed using leaves, sedges, and woven grass, bark, moss, and other plant materials. The nests are further lined with soft grass and animal hair. Each clutch typically consists of around five eggs, with an incubation period of approximately eleven days, followed by an additional ten days before the young leave the nest.
To attract Wilson’s Warblers to one’s backyard, native trees and shrubs can be planted, although these warblers do not typically visit feeders.
Fun Fact: Wilson’s Warblers employ a clever tactic to distract potential nest predators. They pretend to have a broken wing, leading the predator away before swiftly flying off.
34. Swainson’s Warblers
Swainson’s Warblers make Virginia their summer home and are primarily sighted in the western region of the state from April to July, with some individuals lingering until September.
These warblers are medium-sized and possess a robust build, exhibiting similar appearances between males and females. They showcase brown heads, white eyebrows, black eye lines, brown backs and wings, and whitish throats and bellies. Juveniles may display an olive coloration instead of brown, but they share the same distinctive features.
- Scientific Name: Limnothlypis swainsonii
- Length: 5 – 5.5 inches (13 – 14 cm)
- Weight: 0.7 oz (20 g)
- Wingspan: 8.5 inches (22 cm)
Swainson’s Warblers breed in southeastern US states before embarking on migration routes that lead them to the Caribbean and Mexico.
Ideal habitats for Swainson’s Warblers encompass tall thickets and dense canebreaks near swamps and rivers. These birds prefer to walk on the ground, concealed within the understory of moist forests.
Swainson’s Warblers exhibit rapid movement as they navigate through the openings within the dense forest understory. They meticulously search for insects like caterpillars, beetles, ants, crickets, grasshoppers, and flies. They may also employ their robust bill to probe the ground or engage in short flights from perch to perch to catch insects mid-air.
Song of the Swainson’s Warbler:
Credit: XC103759 by Mike Nelson, available at www.xeno-canto.org/103759.
Nests of Swainson’s Warblers are positioned above ground, often concealed within thick clumps of cane, vines, or rhododendron. In some instances, the nests may be located over water or up to 4 feet above the ground. These nests are constructed using leaves, sticks, and vines, and lined with moss, grass, and ferns.
The female lays between two to five eggs, and she single-handedly incubates them for approximately thirteen to fifteen days. The young may leave the nest after around twelve days.
35. Golden-winged Warblers
Golden-winged Warblers, a species near-threatened in Virginia, can be spotted in the state during the summer season from May to September, primarily in the western regions.
These warblers are small and captivating, featuring a yellow crown, black bill and throat, and a striking black mask that extends from the bill to behind the eyes. Their bodies exhibit a whitish-gray overall appearance, devoid of intricate patterns, while their wings proudly display vibrant yellow patches.
- Scientific Name: Vermivora chrysoptera
- Length: 4.75 – 5 inches (12 – 13 cm)
- Weight: 0.3 oz (9 g)
- Wingspan: 7.75 – 8.25 inches (20 – 21 cm)
Golden-winged Warblers breed in the Midwest, extending eastward to the Atlantic Coast. During migration, they traverse eastern US states en route to their wintering grounds in Mexico, Central America, and South America.
Abandoned fields, pastures, and shrubby areas within evergreen forests are favored habitats for Golden-winged Warblers. They are particularly drawn to early successional habitats.
When foraging, Golden-winged Warblers exhibit a preference for hanging dead leaves commonly found in regenerating forest communities. They diligently search for insects, spiders, caterpillars, and other invertebrates hidden beneath these leaves. At times, they may even hang upside down from branches to feast on larvae or pupae.
Song of the Golden-winged Warbler:
Credit: XC658548 by Paul Driver, available at www.xeno-canto.org/658548.
Nests of Golden-winged Warblers are often concealed within low bushes or in hidden cup-shaped structures on the ground. Some nests may be situated near the base of a tree. Females construct the nests using bark and grass, ensuring they are lined with animal fur. The typical clutch size ranges from four to seven eggs, which require an incubation period of approximately ten days.
Fun Fact: Golden-winged Warbler parents employ decoy feeding grounds to safeguard their young by confusing potential threats, including humans.
36. Mourning Warblers
Mourning Warblers, while not commonly encountered in Virginia, have been sporadically sighted during migration periods.
Mourning Warblers bear a striking resemblance to MacGillivray’s Warblers, making it challenging to distinguish between the two species. The primary distinguishing feature lies in the eyering, with Mourning Warblers lacking a visible eyering, while MacGillivray’s Warblers possess distinct white crescent-shaped eyerings.
Male Mourning Warblers exhibit dark gray heads, necks, and notable black chests. Females, on the other hand, feature light gray heads and lack the black chest patch. Both sexes display olive backs and wings, with yellow bellies.
- Scientific Name: Geothlypis philadelphia
- Length: 5.25 inches (13 cm)
- Weight: 0.5 oz (14 g)
- Wingspan: 8.25 inches (21 cm)
Mourning Warblers breed in northeastern US states, around the Great Lakes, and southern Canada before embarking on migration routes that lead them to Central America and northwestern South America.
Dense thickets resulting from forest disturbances like fires, storms, or logging activities serve as ideal habitats for Mourning Warblers. They can also be found amidst blackberry shrubs or areas with a thick understory and dense canopies.
Mourning Warblers primarily forage on the ground and among branches in search of insect larvae, caterpillars, beetles, and spiders. They occasionally feed on fruit from the Cecropia tree.
Song of the Mourning Warbler:
Credit: XC659255 by Paul Driver, available at www.xeno-canto.org/659255.
Nests of Mourning Warblers are commonly concealed in dense shrubs and thickets near the ground. These nests are crafted using leaves, weeds, and grasses, with the interiors lined with animal hair. Females lay three to five eggs, and the incubation period lasts approximately twelve days.
Fun Fact: The Mourning Warbler derives its name from the gray hood and black chest, which gives the impression of mourning attire.
37. Connecticut Warblers
Connecticut Warblers are infrequently sighted in Virginia, but a few individuals may be observed during the fall migration.
Male Connecticut Warblers showcase gray heads and throats, accompanied by white eye-rings. They possess olive-green backs and wings, contrasting with their yellow bellies. Female Connecticut Warblers exhibit lighter coloring, featuring olive-brown heads and backs, a whitish throat, and a yellow belly. Juveniles typically display a yellowish-olive appearance.
Scientific Name: Oporornis agilis
Length: 5.5 inches (14 cm)
Weight: 0.5 oz (14 g)
Wingspan: 8.75 inches (22 cm)
Connecticut Warblers breed in southern Canada and the northern Great Lakes region before embarking on migration routes across the Midwest, eventually reaching Florida en route to their wintering grounds in South America.
Remote areas, including bogs with deciduous woods featuring poplar, spruce, tamarack, or aspen, serve as preferred habitats for Connecticut Warblers. During migration, they tend to select low-lying, wetwoods and damp thickets.
Connecticut Warblers exhibit a secretive nature, spending their time foraging under dense leafy vegetation or low foliage. They diligently search for spiders, snails, caterpillars, and other invertebrates, often picking among dead leaves and hopping between branches.
Song of the Connecticut Warbler:
Credit: XC658532 by Paul Driver, available at www.xeno-canto.org/658532.
Nests of Connecticut Warblers are constructed using grass and are frequently hidden within dense clumps of moss. The female lays three to five eggs, requiring an incubation period of approximately twelve days.
Fun Fact: Connecticut Warblers possess different migratory routes, making them elusive birds and posing challenges for scientists attempting to gather further information about their behaviors and patterns.
The Frequency of Warbler Sightings in Virginia During Summer and Winter
Discovering the prevalence of different bird species in your state can be facilitated through checklists. These valuable resources showcase the warblers that are commonly observed in Virginia during summer and winter, based on recorded checklists on ebird.
Warblers in Virginia during summer:
– Common Yellowthroat: 19.1%
– Ovenbird: 13.8%
– Northern Parula: 11.3%
– American Redstart: 10.4%
– Pine Warbler: 8.8%
– Black-and-white Warbler: 8.1%
– Yellow-rumped Warbler: 7.1%
– Yellow-breasted Chat: 6.1%
– Hooded Warbler: 6.0%
– Yellow Warbler: 5.9%
– Prairie Warbler: 5.8%
– Black-throated Blue Warbler: 5.4%
– Blackpoll Warbler: 5.0%
– Prothonotary Warbler: 4.5%
– Louisiana Waterthrush: 4.5%
– Yellow-throated Warbler: 4.1%
– Chestnut-sided Warbler: 3.8%
– Worm-eating Warbler: 3.5%
– Black-throated Green Warbler: 3.4%
– Magnolia Warbler: 2.4%
– Cerulean Warbler: 1.7%
– Cape May Warbler: 1.7%
– Northern Waterthrush: 1.6%
– Canada Warbler: 1.6%
– Blackburnian Warbler: 1.5%
– Kentucky Warbler: 1.3%
– Bay-breasted Warbler: 0.7%
– Blue-winged Warbler: 0.6%
– Palm Warbler: 0.5%
– Wilson’s Warbler: 0.4%
– Nashville Warbler: 0.4%
– Tennessee Warbler: 0.4%
– Swainson’s Warbler: 0.3%
– Golden-winged Warbler: 0.2%
– Mourning Warbler: 0.1%
– Orange-crowned Warbler: <0.1%
– Connecticut Warbler: <0.1%
Warblers in Virginia during winter:
– Yellow-rumped Warbler: 19.1%
– Pine Warbler: 4.3%
– Orange-crowned Warbler: 0.8%
– Palm Warbler: 0.4%
– Common Yellowthroat: 0.2%
– Black-and-white Warbler: 0.1%
– Nashville Warbler: 0.1%
– Yellow-breasted Chat: <0.1%
– Yellow-throated Warbler: <0.1%
– Wilson’s Warbler: <0.1%
– Northern Parula: <0.1%
– Prairie Warbler: <0.1%
– Ovenbird: <0.1%
– Tennessee Warbler: <0.1%
– Cape May Warbler: <0.1%
– Yellow Warbler: <0.1%
– American Redstart: <0.1%
– Blackpoll Warbler: <0.1%
– Blackburnian Warbler: <0.1%
– Black-throated Blue Warbler: <0.1%
– Black-throated Green Warbler: <0.1%
– Northern Waterthrush: <0.1%
– Bay-breasted Warbler: <0.1%
– Magnolia Warbler: <0.1%
Attracting Warblers to Your Backyard
- Plant trees if youhave sufficient space in your yard.
- Maintain brush piles and embrace a less tidy approach to create habitats for insects, which are essential for attracting warblers.
- Avoid using pesticides or herbicides to ensure a healthy insect population that warblers can feed on.
- Provide a clean water source for warblers to drink and bathe.
- Offer mealworms, preferably live ones, as they are a favored food source for warblers. Dried mealworms can be used as an alternative.
- Set up bird feeders stocked with sunflower seeds, peanut hearts, and suet to entice warblers to visit your yard.