Discovering various tree species can be achieved by identifying the unique characteristics of their seed pods. Utilizing seed pods for tree recognition offers advantages, particularly because these seed enclosures are commonly found on the ground. Contrasting with leaf shapes, seed pods make the identification process more manageable. Tree seed pods exhibit diverse forms such as winged, spherical, coniferous cones, papery coverings, or elongated slender pods resembling beans.
Naturally, relying solely on a tree seed pod identification guide may not always be feasible for tree recognition. In some instances, seed pods may only descend to the ground after the flowering stage. Additionally, certain tree species retain their seed pods on the tree throughout the winter season. Nonetheless, analyzing the shape, size, and color of seed pods often aids in identifying the corresponding tree species.
The term “seed pod” typically pertains to the seed-bearing structure found in plants belonging to the legume family (Fabaceae). These pods generally possess an elongated and slender form, housing several spherical pea-like seeds in a row. However, the term “tree seed pods” can encompass any type of casing that contains seeds from a tree or a large shrub.
Contained within this article is a guide for identifying tree seed pods, providing descriptions and illustrations of seed pods, along with other distinctive features to facilitate distinguishing tree species within the landscape. This comprehensive guide includes the identification of seed pods from trees such as maples, elms, ash, silver birch, beech, chestnut, and various types of conifers.
Identification of Tree Seed Pods
The two primary methods for identifying seed pods involve observing their shape and size. Nevertheless, identification of tree seed pods can also be accomplished by examining their texture—whether they are smooth, fuzzy, or spiky. Furthermore, certain seed pods may fall early in the season, while others remain attached to the tree throughout the winter.
Identification of Tree Seed Pods—Shape: Initially, it is essential to scrutinize the shape of the seed pod. The majority of legume family trees possess elongated, curved pods similar to those seen on pea and bean plants.
However, deciduous trees like ash, maple, and elm exhibit flattened, papery seed casings known as samaras. In contrast, most coniferous trees possess cones containing seeds. Notably, chestnut, hickory, and beech trees feature rounded pods, sometimes displaying spiky exteriors.
Identification of Tree Seed Pods—Size: Size represents another distinguishing feature that aids in recognizing the tree species. Notably, there is considerable variation in the length of seed pods among certain legume family trees. For example, flat redbud tree seed pods measure 3 inches (7.5 cm) in length. Conversely, mimosa tree pods grow between 4 and 8 inches (10–20 cm), while locust tree seed pods measure 6 to 18 inches (15–45 cm).
Although we typically do not perceive papery winged seeds or elongated curled pods as fruits, the seed pods of trees are scientifically referred to as fruits. Additionally, tree seeds are occasionally referred to as nuts.
Types of Tree Seed Pods (Accompanied by Visuals)—A Guide to Identification
Seeds are produced by all trees as a means of reproduction, with many tree seeds developing within pods or other protective structures. Some seed pods resemble leathery spheres, while others take the form of woody cones. Additionally, there are papery winged seeds that gracefully descend, spinning like the blades of a helicopter. How can one identify the numerous types of tree seed pods? Let us delve further into this topic.
1. Seed Pods of Maple Trees
Seed pods of maple trees resemble a pair of wing-shaped, papery structures united in the middle. Each section with wings, known as a samara, contributes to the characteristic spinning motion observed when these seed pods descend from the tree. Consequently, these seeds are colloquially known as whirlers, helicopters, or whirligigs.
Maple tree seed pods measure between 1.18 and 2 inches (3–5 cm) in length. The winged structure aids in wind dispersion, allowing the seeds to travel far from the parent tree. Additional identifying features of maple trees include leaves typically exhibiting three or five pointed lobes, reddish-brown or gray-brown bark, and towering heights of up to 150 feet (45 m) for many maple species (Acer spp.).
2. Seed Pods of Elm Trees
Elm trees produce seed pods enclosed within flat, papery, oval casings. Each elm tree seed pod contains a solitary seed, and these light green disc-shaped pods form large clusters on the tree. Typically, the papery seeds disperse in spring following the flowering phase. Elm tree seed pods measure 0.5 inches (1.22 cm) in diameter.
Apart from the rounded seed casings, identification of elm trees is facilitated by their deep green, pointed oval leaves exhibiting serrated margins. Furthermore, elm trees display dark grayish-brown bark characterized by prominent furrows and scales, along with small clusters of red or green flowers. Elm trees (Ulmus spp.) can reach heights of up to 100 feet (30 m).
3. Seed Pods of Ash Trees
Ash tree seed pods manifest as large, paddle-shaped, papery pods growing in extensive clusters. These brown-winged seeds bear resemblance to a group of dried leaves hanging from branches and are commonly referred to as “keys.” The samaras persist on the tree until late fall or early winter and measure 2 inches (5 cm) in length.
Distinguishing features of ash trees (Fraxinus spp.) include their pinnately compound leaves, with each leaf consisting of five pairs of pointed leaflets and a terminal leaflet positioned at the end of the petiole. These leaves typically measure 8 to 12 inches (20–30 cm) in length. Ash trees commonly attain heights ranging from 60 to 80 feet (18–24 m).
To learn more about white ash trees and the identifying features of green ash trees, refer to specific resources.
4. Seed Pods of Beech Trees
Beech tree seed pods are recognizable as brown, spiky burs encompassing hard shells, commonly referred to as cupules. Each brown seed pod contains two to four seeds and exhibits an angular shape with three sides. The beech tree seeds measure between 0.5 and 1 inch (1.12–2.5 cm) in length, while the spiky burs are slightly larger.
Identifying features of beech trees, belonging to the genus Fagus, include large, glossy green leaves forming a rounded, spreading crown. Furthermore, beech trees possess smooth, light-gray bark. Towering heights of 60 to 80 feet (18–24 m) are typical for beech trees.
5. Seed Pods of Silver Birch Trees
Silver birch seed pods are diminutive, winged seeds that cluster together, resembling long spikes of flowers known as catkins. Each minuscule seed possesses a translucent papery casing that opens up like two wings. These seeds develop in catkins on female trees, and a single silver birch tree can produce thousands of seeds annually.
Photographs of silver birch seeds bear resemblance to small flies, featuring a body (the seed), two antennae-like protrusions, and a pair of wings. The seeds measure a mere 0.11 to 0.15 inches (3–4 mm) in diameter. Additional identifying features of silver birch trees (Betula pendula) include their silvery white bark, triangular leaves with jagged edges, and drooping branches.
6. Seed Pods of Horse Chestnut Trees
Horse chestnut seed pods materialize as spiky green balls enclosed within a soft, thick husk. The spongy casing unfurls to reveal a mahogany brown seed, distinguished by a grayish patch. Typically, each horse chestnut seed pod carries one or two fruits (seeds), and the rounded pods measure between 1 and 2 inches (2.5–5 cm) in diameter.
Horse chestnut trees (Aesculus hippocastanum) can reach heights of 50 to 70 feet (15–21 m). These large deciduous trees display conical clusters of pinkish-white flowers, palmately compound leaves, slightly fissured grayish bark, and a distinctive pyramidal shape.
Buckeye trees, closely related to horse chestnut trees, produce seed pods similar to those of chestnut trees. However, unlike chestnut trees (Castanea spp.), horse chestnut and buckeye seeds are toxic and unfit for consumption.
7. Seed Pods of Chestnut Trees
Chestnut tree seed pods present as sizable, fuzzy, spherical pods encompassing several large edible seeds or fruits. These spiky pods, commonly known as cupules, bear sharp spines, with each pod housing multiple brown-colored seeds. Notably, sweet, edible chestnut seeds can be identified by their flat sides and small tufts.
Chestnut trees are recognizable by their lance-shaped, coarsely-toothed linear leaves, which measure between 6 and 10 inches (15–25 cm). Furthermore, chestnut flowers manifest as elongated finger-like clusters, displaying a creamy-white hue. These pendant catkins measure 4 to 8 inches (10–20 cm) in length. Impressive heights of 60 to 100 feet (18–30 m) are commonly reached by these fast-growing trees.
8. Seed Pods of Redbud Trees
Redbud tree seed pods emerge as large, flattened bean-like pods clustering in significant numbers. Initially green, these narrow, pointed seed pods transition from dark maroon to purple and eventually brown as they dry while still attached to the tree. Each pod measures 3 inches (7.5 cm) in length and contains numerous small pea-like seeds.
Western and eastern redbud trees (Cercis spp.) are deciduous trees attaining heights of 25 feet (7.6 m). In the spring, their vibrant magenta buds blossom into showy, fragrant, vibrant pink or reddish-pink flowers. Heart-shaped leaves and green foliage that turns yellow in autumn further characterize redbud trees.
9. Seed Pods of Sycamore Trees
Sycamore tree seed pods manifest as spiky, round balls that start off green and gradually turn brown. These small seed balls hang from long petioles, remaining on the tree throughout winter before descending to the ground in spring. Each jagged seed pod carries numerous fluffy winged seeds that disperse easily upon the pods breaking open.
The spiky seed balls measure approximately 1 inch (2.5 cm) in diameter. Sycamore trees (Platanus spp.) tower to heights of 100 to 130 feet (30–40 m). Alongside the brownish spiked seed pods, other identifying features include maple-like leaves with deep, pointed lobes, smooth and thin colorful flaky bark resembling camouflage patterns, and inconspicuous greenish flowers.
10. Seed Pods of Pine Trees (Cones)
Pine tree seed pods take the form of conical structures composed of woody scales. Typically tan or brown in color, pine cones can be either egg-shaped or slender and conical. Within each woody scale resides a tiny seed that disperses when the cones open. Depending on the species, pine tree cones can range in size from 0.78 inches to 23 inches (2–60 cm).
Distinguishing pine trees from fir trees can be facilitated by examining the brown, woody cone-shaped seed pods that usually grow downward instead of upward. Additional identifying features of pine trees (Pinus spp.) include their evergreen needle-like leaves, growing in clusters of two to five and arranged spirally on branches.
11. Seed Pods of Spruce Trees (Cones)
Spruce tree seed pods comprise thin, flexible scales attached to a central stalk, creating a conical cone. These slender, cone-like seed pods may initially appear green, red, or purple before maturing to a brown shade. While resembling pine cones, spruce cones possess a smoother and less rigid texture.
The cone-shaped spruce tree seed pods range from 1 to 6 inches (2.5–15 cm) in length, depending on the conifer species (Picea spp.). Spruce trees can also be identified by their short, four-sided needles, individually attached to branches. Unlike fir tree needles, spruce needles can be rolled between one’s fingers.
12. Seed Pods of Fir Trees (Cones)
Fir tree seed pods materialize as cylindrical cones growing upward on woody branches. When compared to other evergreen conifers, fir tree seed cones display the most vibrant colors. Some cones exhibit deep purple, pale blue, or reddish-brown hues. Fir tree cones can grow up to 10 inches (25 cm) in length and resemble candles adorning the branches.
Additional identifying features of fir trees (Abies) include their soft, feathery flat needles and smooth bark.
13. Seed Pods of Mimosa Trees
Mimosa tree seed pods are characterized by papery bean-like structures that emerge green and gradually transition to brown. Each flattened seed pod contains five to ten round seeds. Profuse growth of these flat pods can be observed on trees, hanging from bare branches during the fall season. These tree seed pods measure between 4 and 8 inches (1.2–2.4 cm) in length and 1 inch (2.5 cm) in width.
Mimosa trees (Albizia julibrissin) can be identified by their smooth, light gray bark, fern-like pinnately compound leaves, and pink puffball flowers.
14. Seed Pods of Palo Verde Trees
Palo verde tree seed pods are easily distinguishable, resembling chains of green, red, or brown beads hanging from branches. These leathery seed pods encase oval seeds that are black or brown and can be consumed. The leguminous (bean-like) seed pods, unusual in appearance, measure between 2 and 3 inches (5–7.5 cm) in length.
Palo verde trees (Parkinsonia spp.) feature bright yellow flowers, thorny branches, and pinnate leaves composed of tiny leaflets growing in pairs on thorny stems measuring 6 to 9 inches (15–23 cm) in length.
15. Seed Pods of Royal Poinciana Trees
Royal poinciana tree seed pods stand out due to their substantial size, measuring between 12 and 24 inches (30–60 cm) in length. The dark brown, flattened pods house seeds and resemble leather straps hanging from the tree. These sizable seed pods emerge in autumn, persisting on the tree through winter until spring.
Additional identifying features of royal poinciana trees (Delonix regia) include their bi-pinnate feathery leaves, striking red flowers, and large, spreading rounded crowns.
16. Seed Pods of Locust Trees
Locust tree seed pods appear as large, flattened, dark brown pods that possess a distinctive spiral twist. These contorted or hooked seed pods contain multiple large oval seeds. Locust seed pods grow between 4 and 8 inches (10–20 cm) in length and dangle from thorny branches from fall until the following spring.
Locust trees (Robinia spp.) can reach heights of 66 to 100 feet (20–30 m). Their identification is aided by their large pinnate leaves, trunks adorned with thorns, and hanging clusters of white flowers.
17. Seed Pods of Kentucky Coffee Trees
Kentucky coffee tree seed pods are flattened, thick, leathery structures measuring between 5 and 10 inches (12–25 cm) in length and up to 2 inches (5 cm) in width. These large seed pods contain dark-brown or olive-green round seeds, with each pod housing three to nine seeds. Although the seeds are toxic, they can be roasted and brewed to create a coffee-like beverage.
Other identifying features of Kentucky coffee trees (Gymnocladus dioicus) include their rough, scaly bark, large, pinnately compound leaves, and small white, star-shaped flowers.
18. Seed Pods of Catalpa Trees
Catalpa tree seed pods are instantly recognizable due to their slender, cylindrical shape and considerable length, ranging from 12 to 24 inches (30–60 cm). These long, cigar-like seed pods grow in clusters and initially appear green, gradually darkening to a rich brown color. Winged seeds disperse when the pods split open.
Catalpa trees (Catalpa spp.) are also known as bean trees, Indian cigar trees, or smoking bean trees. They feature showy white flowers, smooth gray bark, and heart-shaped green leaves.
19. Seed Pods of Jacaranda Trees
Jacaranda tree seed pods exhibit a round, brown, woody appearance, encompassing numerous winged seeds. These brownish seed pods cluster together on trees, displaying a twisted structure. The pods measure 3 inches (7.5 cm) in diameter and become visible on jacaranda trees in late summer. When open, the pods resemble small scallops, allowing their seeds to disperse.
Jacaranda trees (Jacaranda mimosifolia) are renowned for their stunning displays of blue or bluish-purple trumpet-shaped flowers, attractive bipinnate compound leaves, and grayish-brown scaly bark.
20. Seed Pods of Acacia Trees
Acacia tree seed pods are characterized by their long, slender shape, resembling rosary beads or necklaces. However, some acacia species feature flattened, broad seed pods with a banana-like shape. The distinctively furry seed pods typically display a dark brown color and grow up to 10 inches (26 cm) in length. Each legume pod contains multiple pea-like seeds.
Acacia trees (Acacia spp.) are easily identified by their spectacular white or yellow puffball fuzzy flowers, fern-like leaves, and thorny branches.