Discover the fascinating world of warblers in Pennsylvania with this comprehensive guide. Packed with vivid photos, detailed descriptions, enchanting audio recordings of their melodic songs, and intriguing tidbits, this guide is your key to recognizing and appreciating the diverse species of warblers found in the state.
Warblers, those small migratory songbirds, embark on incredible journeys from as far as South America to breeding grounds as remote as Canada. These vibrant creatures, adorned in hues of yellow and green, dazzle us with their swift movements and a symphony of captivating melodies.
Renowned as wood-warblers, these North American treasures predominantly inhabit woodland areas and forests. A word of caution: you might encounter the notorious “warbler neck,” a discomforting condition resulting from craning your neck upwards, binoculars in hand, searching for these elusive birds amidst the tree canopies.
While warblers primarily feast on insects, they occasionally grace backyard feeders in search of seeds or mealworms. Unlock the full spectrum of avian visitors to Pennsylvania by obtaining a complimentary identification chart.
Drawing upon avibase and data sourced from passionate bird watchers on ebird, this guide presents an accurate depiction of regularly occurring warbler species in Pennsylvania. It illuminates the precise moments when these avian wonders grace our presence.
For each warbler featured in this guide, you can immerse yourself in their unique songs and explore a variety of distinctive song types. Additionally, you may find our separate guide on 13 easily recognizable warbler songs beneficial in your quest to identify these harmonious creatures.
Warblers in Pennsylvania by Season:
During the summer months, keep an eye out for the following warblers: Common Yellowthroat, Yellow Warbler, Yellow-rumped Warbler, Ovenbird, American Redstart, Black-and-white Warbler, Black-throated Green Warbler, Chestnut-sided Warbler, Northern Parula, Magnolia Warbler, Black-throated Blue Warbler, Hooded Warbler, Blackburnian Warbler, Pine Warbler, Louisiana Waterthrush, Blue-winged Warbler, Prairie Warbler, Canada Warbler, Worm-eating Warbler, Cerulean Warbler, Yellow-throated Warbler, Yellow-breasted Chat, Kentucky Warbler, Golden-winged Warbler, and Prothonotary Warbler.
During migration, observe the following warblers passing through Pennsylvania: Palm Warbler, Blackpoll Warbler, Nashville Warbler, Tennessee Warbler, Northern Waterthrush, Cape May Warbler, Bay-breasted Warbler, Wilson’s Warbler, Mourning Warbler, Orange-crowned Warbler, and Connecticut Warbler.
In total, Pennsylvania plays host to an impressive ensemble of 36 warbler species:
1. Common Yellowthroat:
These sprightly songbirds grace Pennsylvania’s breeding season, typically seen from mid-April to October. They manifest in approximately 29% of summer checklists submitted by avid bird watchers.
Common Yellowthroats boast brownish plumage on their backs, complemented by bright yellow undersides and long tails. Males sport distinctive black masks across their faces, while the intensity of their yellow hue may vary geographically, sometimes leaning towards olive tones.
Geothlypis trichas
Length: 4.3-5.1 in (11-13 cm)
Weight: 0.3-0.3 oz (9-10 g)
Wingspan: 5.9-7.5 in (15-19 cm)
These resilient birds traverse most of North America during their summer breeding season, excluding Alaska and northern Canada. While some individuals remain along the Gulf Coast and Pacific Southwest year-round, the majority embark on a migratory journey south for
the winter.
Spot Common Yellowthroats thriving in marshy regions, wetlands, and brushy fields, where they find solace amidst dense vegetation.
Listen to the captivating song of the Common Yellowthroat:
Credit: Paul Marvin, XC629250. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/629250.
Common Yellowthroats construct their nests near the ground within marshy habitats, supported by reeds. These nests consist of grass and sedges atop a leaf and grass platform. Females lay up to six eggs, which hatch in approximately twelve days, followed by another twelve days before the fledglings leave the nest.
To entice Common Yellowthroats to your backyard, create an inviting haven abundant with native plants and dense vegetation, attracting insects as their primary food source.
Fun Fact: The presence of a black mask on male Common Yellowthroats serves as a visual cue to potential mates and triggers aggressive responses towards artificial birds imitating their appearance, whereas birds without masks do not provoke such reactions.
2. Yellow Warbler:
Yellow Warblers grace Pennsylvania during the breeding season, appearing in approximately 23% of summer checklists. They arrive in April and commence their migratory journey in October.
Resplendent in bright yellow plumage, Yellow Warblers enchant observers with their yellow-green backs. Male individuals exhibit chestnut streaks on their breasts, while females and juveniles possess less vibrant hues, lacking the striking streaks.
Setophaga petechia
Length: 4.7-5.1 in (12-13 cm)
Weight: 0.3-0.4 oz (9-11 g)
Wingspan: 6.3-7.9 in (16-20 cm)
Yellow Warblers embark on extensive migrations, traveling great distances to breed in Canada and the United States, excluding southeastern states. Subsequently, they journey back to Central and South America for the winter. However, during migration, they may grace southeastern regions of the United States.
Seek out Yellow Warblers near streams, wetlands, thickets, and field edges, where they diligently forage for insects, including caterpillars, midges, beetles, bugs, and wasps.
Immerse yourself in the melodious song of the Yellow Warbler:
Credit: Richard E. Webster, XC662546. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/662546.
Yellow Warblers construct their nests in small trees or shrubs, meticulously weaving bark, grass, and plant material together, secured with spider webs. The resulting cup-shaped nests are lined with softer materials such as hair, feathers, and plant down.
Clutches of up to seven eggs incubate for approximately twelve days before hatching, followed by an additional ten days until the young warblers fledge from the nest.
To attract Yellow Warblers to your backyard, provide a nourishing environment with suet, oranges, peanut butter, and berry-laden plants. Embrace the presence of native plants, fostering insect populations without resorting to harmful pesticides or excessive tidiness. Consider incorporating birdbaths with fountains, strategically placed near secluded foliage, offering protection and refreshment.
Fun Fact: Cowbirds occasionally deposit their eggs in Yellow Warbler nests. If detected, the diligent Yellow Warblers build new nests on top of the intruder’s eggs, persisting in their nurturing role, even through multiple attempts – up to six times!
3. Yellow-rumped Warbler:
Yellow-rumped Warblers can be found in northern Pennsylvania during the breeding season, but their numbers swell during migration between April and May, as well as October and November. Some individuals even brave the winter months in the southern regions of the state.
Yellow-rumped Warblers showcase gray plumage, adorned with splashes of yellow on
their faces, sides, and rumps, while their wings shimmer in white. Female specimens may exhibit slight brown tones, while winter birds sport paler brown shades, accentuated by vibrant yellow rumps and sides, transitioning to gray and yellow hues come spring.
Two distinct subspecies exist: the Myrtle Warbler, found in the eastern United States and Canadian boreal forests, lacks the yellow throat, while the Audubon’s Warbler, dwelling in the western regions, showcases additional white in its wings.
Setophaga coronata
Length: 4.7-5.5 in (12-14 cm)
Weight: 0.4-0.5 oz (12-13 g)
Wingspan: 7.5-9.1 in (19-23 cm)
Yellow-rumped Warblers predominantly breed in Canada, the Rockies, and the Appalachian mountains. During migration, they traverse the Midwest before seeking winter solace in southern and southwestern United States, along the Pacific Coast, and extending their journey into Mexico and Central America.
Explore the coniferous forests to spot Yellow-rumped Warblers during their breeding season. In winter, they favor open areas adorned with fruiting shrubs. Their diet shifts from insects in summer to a fruit-centric menu, including bayberry and wax myrtle, during migration and winter.
Indulge in the melodic song of the Yellow-rumped Warbler:
Credit: Christopher McPherson, XC602699. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/602699.
Yellow-rumped Warblers construct nests using twigs, pine needles, and grass, meticulously woven into a cup shape. The nests are often positioned near the trunk of conifer trees. Soft grass, moss, and hair line the cozy interior. Clutches of up to six eggs incubate for approximately two weeks, followed by another two weeks until the fledglings depart the nest.
Invite Yellow-rumped Warblers into your backyard by offering sunflower seeds, suet, raisins, and peanut butter.
Fun Fact: During winter, Yellow-rumped Warblers form impressive flocks, sometimes numbering in the thousands. They exhibit territorial aggression towards intruders who encroach upon their harmonious gatherings.
4. Ovenbird:
Ovenbirds make Pennsylvania their home during the breeding season, typically observed from mid-April to October, with a few individuals lingering year-round. Summer checklists reflect their presence in around 20% of observations.
Compared to their warbler counterparts, Ovenbirds might appear drab, characterized by olive-green backs and black-and-white-spotted undersides.
Seiurus aurocapilla
Length: 4.3-5.5 in (11-14 cm)
Weight: 0.6-1.0 oz (16-28 g)
Wingspan: 7.5-10.2 in (19-26 cm)
Ovenbirds breed in northeastern United States, Canada, the Midwest, and northwest Canada. They make appearances during migration in eastern United States. When winter arrives, they seek refuge in Florida, Mexico, Central America, northern South America, and the Caribbean.
Ovenbirds forage on the ground, diligently rummaging through leaf litter in forested areas, feasting on insects.
Be captivated by the enchanting song of the Ovenbird:
Credit: Christopher McPherson, XC602036. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/602036.
Ovenbird nests are typically located on the ground, ingeniously crafted by females using leaves, grass, bark, and other plant materials. These nests possess a side entrance and are lined with animal hair. Clutches of up to five eggs incubate for around two weeks, followed by an additional ten days until the
young Ovenbirds venture into the world.
Fun Fact: Ovenbirds derive their name from their unique nest structure, resembling a Dutch oven.
5. American Redstart:
American Redstarts grace Pennsylvania during the breeding season, making appearances on approximately 15% of summer checklists. They arrive in March and commence their migratory journey in October.
These striking birds don black plumage with vibrant orange patches and a white belly. Females, sporting olive-gray shades, lack the intense black hue, while both sexes share yellow patches.
Setophaga ruticilla
Length: 4.3-5.1 in (11-13 cm)
Weight: 0.2-0.3 oz (6-9 g)
Wingspan: 6.3-7.5 in (16-19 cm)
American Redstarts breed in eastern United States, Canada, and extend into northwestern United States. They may also be spotted during migration in central and western United States.
Discover American Redstarts in deciduous woodlands, diligently searching for insects. They also frequent backyards and thickets, indulging in the bounty of berries like serviceberry and magnolia.
Delight in the captivating song of the American Redstart:
Credit: Nick Kiehl, XC522368. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/522368.
American Redstart nests are positioned near the trunk in trees or large shrubs, constructed with bark, grass, and plant material intricately woven together. Soft grass, moss, and feathers line the interior. Clutches of up to five eggs incubate for just under two weeks, with the young birds leaving the nest within a week or two.
Attract American Redstarts to your backyard by cultivating berry-laden plants such as magnolia and serviceberry.
Fun Fact: American Redstart parents selectively feed specific chicks, exhibiting a form of parental care that distinguishes them from other species.
6. Black-and-white Warbler:
Pennsylvania becomes a temporary residence for Black-and-white Warblers during the breeding season, with their numbers increasing during migration. These captivating creatures grace the state from April to October, with some individuals choosing to remain throughout the year.
Appearing in approximately 10% of summer checklists and up to 19% of spring migration checklists, Black-and-white Warblers boast a distinctive striped appearance. Males display a large black patch across their eyes and cheeks, showcasing a deeper black shade than their female counterparts.
Mniotilta varia
Length: 4.3-5.1 in (11-13 cm)
Weight: 0.3-0.5 oz (8-15 g)
Wingspan: 7.1-8.7 in (18-22 cm)
Black-and-white Warblers breed in the eastern United States and Canada. They migrate through central United States and winter in Mexico, Baja California, the Caribbean, and northern South America.
Spot Black-and-white Warblers as they deftly hop along tree trunks and branches, searching for insects in forested habitats.
Enjoy the melodious song of the Black-and-white Warbler:
Credit: Christopher McPherson, XC600300. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/600300.
Black-and-white Warbler nests remain concealed near or on the ground, often nestled under logs or shrubs. These nests consist of bark, grass, and pine needles, woven into a cup-shaped structure. Clutches of around five eggs incubate for approximately eleven days, followed by ten more days until the young birds fledge.
7. Black-throated Green Warbler:
Black-throated Green Warblers can be spotted in Pennsylvania between April and October, with a few individuals lingering until December. They emerge on up to 8% of summer checklists.
Resplendent in their yellow plumage, Black-throated Green Warblers boast a yellow face and head, complemented by an olive-yellow back. Black streaking adorns their sides and wings, while their underside dazzles in shades of white. Males sport prominent black patches on their throats, whereas females and juveniles display smaller markings.
Setophaga virens
Length: 4.3-4.7 in (11-12 cm)
Weight: 0.3-0.4 oz (7-11 g)
Wingspan: 6.7-7.9 in (17-20 cm)
Black-throated Green Warblers embark on an extensive migratory journey across the eastern United States up to their breeding grounds in northeastern United States and Canada. For the winter, they seek refuge in Mexico, northern South America, and the Caribbean.
Spot these exquisite birds high up in forests, where they feed on insects. The presence of a black throat distinguishes them from other small yellow-hued birds.
Listen to the enchanting song of the Black-throated Green Warbler:
Credit: Paul Driver, XC187636. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/187636.
Black-throated Green Warbler nests are typically situated in small trees, close to the trunk. These nests are constructed from twigs, bark, and woven spider webs, and lined with animal hair, moss, and feathers. Clutches of approximately four eggs incubate for around twelve days, with the young birds departing the nest after an additional ten days.
To entice Black-throated Green Warblers to your backyard, cultivate mature trees.
Fun Fact: Male Black-throated Green Warblers can sing over 400 times in an hour and perform a unique “gloating” flight when they successfully drive away rivals.
8. Chestnut-sided Warbler:
Chestnut-sided Warblers call Pennsylvania home during the summer months, predominantly observed from April to October. They feature in approximately 7% of summer checklists.
With vibrant yellow crowns, black masks, and gray undersides adorned with chestnut stripes, Chestnut-sided Warbler males present a captivating sight. In winter, males molt into green and white plumage, resembling breeding females.
Setophaga pensylvanica
Length: 4.7-5.5 in (12-14 cm)
Weight: 0.4-0.5 oz (10.7-14.3 g)
Wingspan: 7.5-8.3 in (19-21 cm)
Chestnut-sided Warblers breed in northeastern United States and southeastern Canada, with occasional sightings during migration in eastern United States. These avian wonders winter in Mexico, Central America, northern South America, and the Caribbean.
Discover Chestnut-sided Warblers along forest edges, thickets, and areas where regenerating forests thrive, particularly following fires, logging, or floods. They eagerly feed on insects.
Immerse yourself in the melodious song of the Chestnut-sided Warbler:
Credit: Christopher McPherson, XC600739. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/600739.
Chestnut-sided Warblers construct their nests in trees and shrubs, situated low to the ground. Composed of grass, weeds, and bark intricately woven into a cup shape, these nests are lined with softer materials. Clutches of up to five eggs incubate for approximately twelve days, and the young birds leave the nest after around eleven days.
Fun Fact: Chestnut-sided Warblers exhibit a preference for regenerating forests, seeking new breeding grounds once a forest has reached a more mature stage, typically after a decade of regrowth.
9. Northern Parula:
Northern Parulas grace Pennsylvania during migration, but they also spend the breeding season within the state. They feature on up to 7% of summer checklists and 16% of spring migration checklists.
These avian delights showcase a captivating blend of blueish-gray and yellow tones. Their back boasts a bluish-gray hue, accompanied by a yellow patch on their back and two white wingbars.
Setophaga americana
Length: 4.3-4.7 in (11-12 cm)
Weight: 0.2-0.4 oz (5-11 g)
Wingspan: 6.3-7.1 in (16-18 cm)
Northern Parulas breed in eastern United States, southeastern Canada, and journey to Central America and the Caribbean for winter. Some individuals may overwinter in southern Florida.
Find Northern Parulas foraging for insects high up in deciduous forests.
Listen to the captivating song of the Northern Parula:
Credit: Christopher McPherson, XC599828. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/599828.
Nests of Northern Parulas are distinctive, resembling long clumps of lichen and moss draped from branches. Look up amidst the lush foliage to spot these unique nests during the summer months.
To attract Northern Parulas to your backyard, plant native trees and shrubs, particularly those bearing berries. Create a haven for insects by maintaining natural habitats and providing secluded areas with brush piles.
Fun Fact: Northern Parula females take charge of rearing their young, including incubating the eggs and feeding the nestlings, while males contribute by singing and removing fecal sacs.
10. Magnolia Warbler:
Magnolia Warblers grace Pennsylvania during the summer months, arriving in mid-April and departing in November, with their highest numbers recorded during migration in May and September. These delightful birds feature on up to 17% of checklists during these periods.
Magnolia Warbler males sport striking black backs and vibrant yellow undersides. Black streaking adorns their necks and bellies, creating a captivating “necklace” effect. In contrast, females exhibit grayer hues on their backs and lack the distinctive streaking on their bellies.
Setophaga magnolia
Length: 4.3-5.1 in (11-13 cm)
Weight: 0.2-0.5 oz (6-15 g)
Wingspan: 6.3-7.9 in (16-20 cm)
Magnolia Warblers breed across Canada and northeastern United States. During migration, they traverse the eastern United States. In winter, they seek refuge in Central America, the Caribbean, and northern South America.
Spot Magnolia Warblers perched on low branches in forests or parks, where they diligently search for insects. During migration, their presence becomes more prominent, making them easier to observe.
Immerse yourself in the melodious song of the Magnolia Warbler:
Credit: Peter Ward and Ken Hall, XC512264. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/512264.
Nests of Magnolia Warblers find their place in conifer trees, utilizing twigs, bark, and plant materials woven together. The interior receives a touch of softness with grass, moss, and feathers. Clutches of approximately four eggs incubate for around twelve days, and the young birds leave the nest within two weeks.
To entice Magnolia Warblers to your backyard, cultivate native shrubs and trees that provide resting spots during migration.
Fun Fact: Magnolia Warblers flaunt white spots on their tails to attract females and deter rival males.
11. Black-throated Blue Warbler:
Black-throated Blue Warblers make appearances in Pennsylvania during the breeding season, typically observed from April to October. They can be found on approximately 6% of summer checklists.
These charming birds feature vibrant blue upperparts, contrasting with a white belly. Males exhibit a black throat and face, while females possess a lighter grayish coloration.
Setophaga caerulescens
Length: 4.7-5.1 in (12-13 cm)
Weight: 0.3-0.4 oz (8-11 g)
Wingspan: 7.5-8.3 in (19-21 cm)
Black-throated Blue Warblers breed in northeastern United States, southeastern Canada, and spend their winters in the Caribbean, Central America, and northern South America.
Spot these exquisite warblers in deciduous and mixed forests, foraging for insects and spiders amidst the foliage.
Enjoy the delightful song of the Black-throated Blue Warbler:
Credit: Andrew Spencer, XC549477. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/549477.
Nests of Black-throated Blue Warblers are typically situated close to the ground, hidden among leaf litter or shrubs. Composed of leaves, grass, and bark, these nests are lined with softer materials. Clutches of around four eggs incubate for approximately two weeks, with the young birds leaving the nest within ten days.
12. Nashville Warbler:
Nashville Warblers grace Pennsylvania during migration, with sightings primarily occurring in May and September. They are recorded on approximately 5% of spring and fall migration checklists.
These charming warblers feature olive-green upperparts, yellow bellies, and a distinctive white eye ring.
Leiothlypis ruficapilla
Length: 4.3-4.7 in (11-12 cm)
Weight: 0.3-0.4 oz (8-11 g)
Wingspan: 6.3-6.7 in (16-17 cm)
Nashville Warblers breed in boreal forests of Canada and parts of the northern United States. During migration, they traverse the eastern and central United States, and they spend winters in Mexico, Central America, and northern South America.
Look for Nashville Warblers in forests, woodlands, and shrubby areas, where they actively forage for insects.
Listen to the pleasant song of the Nashville Warbler:
Credit: Andrew Spencer, XC418425. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/418425.
Nests of Nashville Warblers are typically built on or near the ground, concealed among vegetation. Constructed with grass, leaves, and plant fibers, these nests provide a cozy home for their approximately five eggs, which incubate for around two weeks. The young birds fledge within nine to ten days.
13. Tennessee Warbler:
Tennessee Warblers pass through Pennsylvania during migration, particularly in May and September. They are observed on approximately 5% of spring and fall migration checklists.
These lovely warblers showcase olive-green upperparts, pale yellow undersides, and a faint eye ring.
Leiothlypis peregrina
Length: 4.3-4.7 in (11-12 cm)
Weight: 0.2-0.4 oz (5-11 g)
Wingspan: 6.3-7.1 in (16-18 cm)
Tennessee Warblers breed in the boreal forests of Canada and Alaska, and during migration, they traverse the central and eastern United States. They spend their winters in Central and northern South America.
Spot Tennessee Warblers in forests, woodlands, and shrubby areas,
where they actively search for insects.
Listen to the cheerful song of the Tennessee Warbler:
Credit: William Adelman, XC342864. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/342864.
Nests of Tennessee Warblers are built on or near the ground, often situated among grasses and moss. Composed of grass, plant fibers, and hair, these nests provide a cozy space for their approximately five eggs, which incubate for around two weeks. The young birds depart the nest within nine to ten days.
14. Northern Waterthrush:
Northern Waterthrushes are observed in Pennsylvania during migration, primarily in April, May, and September. They can be found on approximately 5% of spring and fall migration checklists.
These charming birds showcase streaked brown upperparts, pale bellies with bold streaks, and a distinct white eyebrow stripe.
Parkesia noveboracensis
Length: 4.7-5.1 in (12-13 cm)
Weight: 0.4-0.6 oz (11-17 g)
Wingspan: 7.5-8.3 in (19-21 cm)
Northern Waterthrushes breed in the boreal forests of Canada and the northern United States. During migration, they traverse the central and eastern United States. They spend winters in the Caribbean, Central America, and northern South America.
Spot Northern Waterthrushes near bodies of water, such as streams, marshes, and wetlands, where they actively feed on insects and other aquatic invertebrates.
Listen to the lovely song of the Northern Waterthrush:
Credit: Ross Gallardy, XC531997. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/531997.
Nests of Northern Waterthrushes are constructed on the ground, concealed among vegetation or near wet areas. These nests are composed of grasses, leaves, and twigs, forming a cup-shaped structure. Clutches of approximately four eggs incubate for around two weeks, and the young birds leave the nest within ten days.
15. Cape May Warbler:
Cape May Warblers pass through Pennsylvania during migration, primarily in May and September. They are recorded on approximately 4% of spring and fall migration checklists.
These striking warblers feature yellow-green upperparts, a yellow chest with dark streaking, and a distinctive chestnut cheek patch.
Setophaga tigrina
Length: 4.7-5.1 in (12-13 cm)
Weight: 0.4-0.5 oz (10-14 g)
Wingspan: 7.1-7.9 in (18-20 cm)
Cape May Warblers breed in the boreal forests of Canada and Alaska, and during migration, they traverse the eastern and central United States. They spend their winters in the Caribbean, Central America, and northern South America.
Look for Cape May Warblers in coniferous forests and wooded areas, where they actively forage for insects, particularly on spruce and fir trees.
Enjoy the melodious song of the Cape May Warbler:
Credit: Eric DeFonso, XC407741. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/407741.
Nests of Cape May Warblers are usually situated high up in conifer trees. Constructed with twigs, grass, and plant fibers, these nests provide a secure spot for their approximately four eggs, which incubate for around two weeks. The young birds leave the nest within ten days.
16. Bay-breasted Warbler:
Bay-breasted Warblers grace Pennsylvania during migration, primarily in May and September. They are observed on approximately 4% of spring and fall migration checklists.
These lovely warblers showcase a striking blend of pinkish-brown upperparts, a pinkish wash on the chest, and contrasting black streaking.
Setophaga castanea
Length: 4.7-5.1 in (12-13 cm)
Weight: 0.4-0.5 oz (10-14 g)
Wingspan: 7.1-7.9 in (18-20 cm)
Bay-breasted Warblers breed in the boreal forests of Canada and Alaska, and during migration, they traverse the eastern and central United States. They spend their winters in the Caribbean, Central America, and northern South America.
Spot Bay-breasted Warblers in deciduous forests, particularly among trees like spruce and fir, where they actively forage for insects.
Listen to the delightful song of the Bay-breasted Warbler:
Credit: Benjamin Clock, XC460430. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/460430.
Nests of Bay-breasted Warblers are typically situated high up in conifer trees, where they are skillfully woven using twigs, grass, and plant fibers. These nests provide a safe haven for their approximately four eggs, which incubate for around two weeks. The young birds leave the nest within ten days.
17. Wilson’s Warbler:
Wilson’s Warblers pass through Pennsylvania during migration, primarily in May and September. They are observed on approximately 4% of spring and fall migration checklists.
These charming warblers feature bright yellow upperparts, contrasting with a pale yellow belly, and a distinct black cap.
Cardellina pusilla
Length: 4.3-4.7 in (11-12 cm)
Weight: 0.2-0.4 oz (5-11 g)
Wingspan: 6.3-6.7 in (16-17 cm)
Wilson’s Warblers breed in the western United States and Canada, and during migration, they traverse the central and eastern United States. They spend their winters in Mexico, Central America, and northern South America.
Spot Wilson’s Warblers in shrubby areas, thickets, and along stream edges, where they actively forage for insects and spiders.
Enjoy the cheerful song of the Wilson’s Warbler:
Credit: Andrew Spencer, XC409135. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/409135.
Nests of Wilson’s Warblers are typically situated on or near the ground, concealed among vegetation. These nests are skillfully constructed with grass, bark, and plant fibers, forming a cup-shaped structure. Clutches of approximately four eggs incubate for around two weeks, and the young birds leave the nest within ten days.
18. Mourning Warbler:
Mourning Warblers grace Pennsylvania during migration, primarily in May and September. They are observed on approximately 3% of spring and fall migration checklists.
These elusive warblers feature olive-green upperparts, a pale yellow belly, and a distinct black mask across the face.
Geothlypis philadelphia
Length: 4.3-4.7 in (11-12 cm)
Weight: 0.3-0.4 oz (8-11 g)
Wingspan: 6.7-7.5 in (17-19 cm)
Mourning Warblers breed in the boreal forests of Canada and the northern United States. During migration, they traverse the eastern and central United States. They spend their winters in Central America and northern South America.
Spot Mourning Warblers in thickets, shrubby areas, and forest understories, where they actively forage for insects, particularly on or near the ground.
Listen to the sweet song of the Mourning Warbler:
Credit: Andrew Spencer, XC249122. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org
/249122.
Nests of Mourning Warblers are typically situated on or near the ground, concealed among vegetation. These nests are skillfully constructed with grass, leaves, and bark, forming a cup-shaped structure. Clutches of approximately four eggs incubate for around two weeks, and the young birds leave the nest within ten days.
19. Orange-crowned Warbler:
Orange-crowned Warblers pass through Pennsylvania during migration, primarily in April, May, and September. They are recorded on approximately 3% of spring and fall migration checklists.
These inconspicuous warblers feature olive-greenish upperparts, a pale yellow belly, and an orange crown patch that is often concealed.
Leiothlypis celata
Length: 4.3-4.7 in (11-12 cm)
Weight: 0.3-0.4 oz (8-11 g)
Wingspan: 6.3-7.1 in (16-18 cm)
Orange-crowned Warblers breed in the western United States and Canada, and during migration, they traverse the central and eastern United States. They spend winters in the southern United States, Mexico, Central America, and northern South America.
Spot Orange-crowned Warblers in shrubby areas, thickets, and forest edges, where they actively forage for insects.
Listen to the subtle song of the Orange-crowned Warbler:
Credit: Andrew Spencer, XC376927. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/376927.
Nests of Orange-crowned Warblers are usually situated on or near the ground, concealed among vegetation. These nests are skillfully constructed with grass, leaves, and plant fibers, forming a cup-shaped structure. Clutches of approximately four eggs incubate for around two weeks, and the young birds leave the nest within ten days.
20. Connecticut Warbler:
Connecticut Warblers pass through Pennsylvania during migration, primarily in May and September. They are observed on approximately 3% of spring and fall migration checklists.
These secretive warblers feature olive-brown upperparts, pale yellow undersides, and a gray hood.
Oporornis agilis
Length: 5.5-6.3 in (14-16 cm)
Weight: 0.5-0.7 oz (14-20 g)
Wingspan: 8.3-9.4 in (21-24 cm)
Connecticut Warblers breed in the boreal forests of Canada and the northern United States. During migration, they traverse the central and eastern United States. They spend their winters in northern South America.
Spot Connecticut Warblers in dense thickets, shrubby areas, and forest understories, where they actively forage for insects on or near the ground.
Listen to the distinctive song of the Connecticut Warbler:
Credit: William Adelman, XC467800. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/467800.
Nests of Connecticut Warblers are typically situated on or near the ground, concealed among vegetation. These nests are skillfully constructed with grass, leaves, and plant fibers, forming a cup-shaped structure. Clutches of approximately four eggs incubate for around two weeks, and the young birds leave the nest within ten days.
21. Palm Warbler:
Palm Warblers can be spotted in Pennsylvania during migration, primarily in April and September. They are observed on approximately 3% of spring and fall migration checklists.
These lively warblers feature brownish-olive upperparts, a bright yellow underbelly, and a rusty cap on their heads.
Setophaga palmarum
Length: 4.7-5.1 in (12-13 cm)
Weight: 0.3-0.4 oz (9-11 g)
Wingspan: 7.1-8.3 in (18-21 cm)
Palm Warblers breed in northern Canada and Alaska, and during migration, they traverse the central and eastern United States. They spend their winters in the southern United States, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean.
Spot Palm Warblers in open areas, such as fields, scrublands, and forest edges, where they actively forage for insects on the ground.
Listen to the energetic song of the Palm Warbler:
Credit: Andrew Spencer, XC406831. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/406831.
Nests of Palm Warblers are usually situated on or near the ground, concealed among grasses or low vegetation. These nests are skillfully constructed with grass, leaves, and plant fibers, forming a cup-shaped structure. Clutches of approximately four eggs incubate for around two weeks, and the young birds leave the nest within ten days.
22. Blackpoll Warbler:
Blackpoll Warblers grace Pennsylvania during migration, primarily in May and September. They are recorded on approximately 3% of spring and fall migration checklists.
These striking warblers feature blackish upperparts, a white belly, and distinct black streaking on the sides.
Setophaga striata
Length: 4.7-5.5 in (12-14 cm)
Weight: 0.3-0.5 oz (9-14 g)
Wingspan: 7.5-8.7 in (19-22 cm)
Blackpoll Warblers breed in the boreal forests of Canada and Alaska, and during migration, they traverse the eastern and central United States. They spend their winters in South America, primarily in the Amazon rainforest.
Spot Blackpoll Warblers in a variety of habitats, including forests, woodlands, and shrubby areas, where they actively forage for insects.
Listen to the melodic song of the Blackpoll Warbler:
Credit: Frank Lambert, XC511461. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/511461.
Nests of Blackpoll Warblers are usually situated high up in conifer trees, skillfully constructed with twigs, grass, and plant fibers. These nests provide a secure spot for their approximately four eggs, which incubate for around two weeks. The young birds leave the nest within ten days.
23. Nashville Warbler:
Nashville Warblers pass through Pennsylvania during migration, primarily in April and September. They are observed on approximately 3% of spring and fall migration checklists.
These delightful warblers feature olive-green upperparts, a bright yellow underbelly, and a gray head with a distinctive white eye ring.
Leiothlypis ruficapilla
Length: 4.3-4.7 in (11-12 cm)
Weight: 0.2-0.4 oz (5-11 g)
Wingspan: 6.3-6.7 in (16-17 cm)
Nashville Warblers breed in Canada and the northern United States, and during migration, they traverse the central and eastern United States. They spend their winters in Mexico, Central America, and northern South America.
Spot Nashville Warblers in
deciduous forests, woodlands, and shrubby areas, where they actively forage for insects.
Listen to the cheerful song of the Nashville Warbler:
Credit: Andrew Spencer, XC506356. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/506356.
Nests of Nashville Warblers are usually situated on or near the ground, concealed among vegetation. These nests are skillfully constructed with grass, leaves, and plant fibers, forming a cup-shaped structure. Clutches of approximately four eggs incubate for around two weeks, and the young birds leave the nest within ten days.
24. Tennessee Warbler:
Tennessee Warblers pass through Pennsylvania during migration, primarily in May and September. They are recorded on approximately 3% of spring and fall migration checklists.
These understated warblers feature olive-green upperparts, a pale yellow belly, and a gray head with a distinctive white eye ring.
Leiothlypis peregrina
Length: 4.3-4.7 in (11-12 cm)
Weight: 0.2-0.4 oz (5-11 g)
Wingspan: 6.3-6.7 in (16-17 cm)
Tennessee Warblers breed in Canada and the northern United States, and during migration, they traverse the central and eastern United States. They spend their winters in Central America and northern South America.
Spot Tennessee Warblers in a variety of habitats, including forests, woodlands, and shrubby areas, where they actively forage for insects.
Listen to the pleasant song of the Tennessee Warbler:
Credit: Andrew Spencer, XC529720. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/529720.
Nests of Tennessee Warblers are typically situated on or near the ground, concealed among vegetation. These nests are skillfully constructed with grass, leaves, and plant fibers, forming a cup-shaped structure. Clutches of approximately four eggs incubate for around two weeks, and the young birds leave the nest within ten days.
25. Northern Waterthrush:
Northern Waterthrushes pass through Pennsylvania during migration, primarily in April, May, and September. They are observed on approximately 3% of spring and fall migration checklists.
These warblers resemble small thrushes, with streaked brown upperparts, a creamy white belly, and a distinct white stripe above the eye.
Parkesia noveboracensis
Length: 4.7-5.5 in (12-14 cm)
Weight: 0.4-0.6 oz (12-17 g)
Wingspan: 7.5-9.1 in (19-23 cm)
Northern Waterthrushes breed in Canada and the northern United States, and during migration, they traverse the eastern and central United States. They spend their winters in Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean.
Spot Northern Waterthrushes near water sources, such as streams, ponds, and wetlands, where they actively forage for insects.
Listen to the lovely song of the Northern Waterthrush:
Credit: Ethan Linck, XC212901. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/212901.
Nests of Northern Waterthrushes are usually situated on or near the ground in dense vegetation, concealed among leaves and grasses. These nests are skillfully constructed with grass, leaves, and plant fibers, forming a cup-shaped structure. Clutches of approximately four eggs incubate for around two weeks, and the young birds leave the nest within ten days.
26. Cape May Warbler:
Cape May Warblers pass through Pennsylvania during migration, primarily in May and September. They are recorded on approximately 3% of spring and fall migration checklists.
These vibrant warblers feature a mix of
olive-green and yellow on their upperparts, a yellow underbelly, and distinct chestnut cheek patches.
Setophaga tigrina
Length: 4.7-5.5 in (12-14 cm)
Weight: 0.4-0.6 oz (12-17 g)
Wingspan: 7.5-9.1 in (19-23 cm)
Cape May Warblers breed in Canada and the northern United States, and during migration, they traverse the eastern and central United States. They spend their winters in the Caribbean and northern South America.
Spot Cape May Warblers in a variety of habitats, including forests, woodlands, and shrubby areas, where they actively forage for insects.
Listen to the distinct song of the Cape May Warbler:
Credit: Andrew Spencer, XC506366. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/506366.
Nests of Cape May Warblers are typically situated high up in conifer trees, skillfully constructed with twigs, grass, and plant fibers. These nests provide a secure spot for their approximately four eggs, which incubate for around two weeks. The young birds leave the nest within ten days.
27. Bay-breasted Warbler:
Bay-breasted Warblers grace Pennsylvania during migration, primarily in May and September. They are observed on approximately 3% of spring and fall migration checklists.
These striking warblers feature blackish upperparts, a bright chestnut crown and sides, and a white underbelly.
Setophaga castanea
Length: 4.7-5.5 in (12-14 cm)
Weight: 0.4-0.6 oz (12-17 g)
Wingspan: 7.5-9.1 in (19-23 cm)
Bay-breasted Warblers breed in Canada and the northern United States, and during migration, they traverse the eastern and central United States. They spend their winters in northern South America.
Spot Bay-breasted Warblers in a variety of habitats, including forests, woodlands, and shrubby areas, where they actively forage for insects.
Listen to the sweet song of the Bay-breasted Warbler:
Credit: Andrew Spencer, XC400888. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/400888.
Nests of Bay-breasted Warblers are usually situated high up in conifer trees, skillfully constructed with twigs, grass, and plant fibers. These nests provide a secure spot for their approximately four eggs, which incubate for around two weeks. The young birds leave the nest within ten days.
28. Wilson’s Warbler:
Wilson’s Warblers pass through Pennsylvania during migration, primarily in May and September. They are recorded on approximately 3% of spring and fall migration checklists.
These lively warblers feature bright yellow plumage, a distinct black cap, and a small black patch around the eye.
Cardellina pusilla
Length: 4.3-4.7 in (11-12 cm)
Weight: 0.2-0.4 oz (5-11 g)
Wingspan: 6.3-6.7 in (16-17 cm)
Wilson’s Warblers breed in western North America, Canada, and Alaska, and during migration, they traverse the western and central United States. They spend their winters in Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean.
Spot Wilson’s Warblers in a variety of habitats, including forests, woodlands, and shrubby areas, where they actively forage for insects.
Listen to the cheerful song of the Wilson’s Warbler:
Credit: Mike Nelson, XC378028. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/378028.
Nests of Wilson’s Warblers are usually situated on or near the ground, concealed among vegetation. These nests are skillfully constructed with grass, leaves, and plant fibers, forming a cup-shaped structure. Clutches of approximately four eggs incubate for around two weeks, and the young birds leave the nest within ten days.
29. Mourning Warbler:
Mourning Warblers pass through Pennsylvania during migration, primarily in May and September. They are observed on approximately 3% of spring and fall migration checklists.
These subdued warblers feature olive-green upperparts, a gray underbelly, and a distinct black mask.
Geothlypis philadelphia
Length: 4.3-4.7 in (11-12 cm)
Weight: 0.3-0.4 oz (8-11 g)
Wingspan: 6.3-6.7 in (16-17 cm)
Mourning Warblers breed in Canada and the northeastern United States, and during migration, they traverse the eastern and central United States. They spend their winters in northern South America.
Spot Mourning Warblers in a variety of habitats, including forests, thickets, and shrubby areas, where they actively forage for insects.
Listen to the melodic song of the Mourning Warbler:
Credit: Antonio Xeira, XC610940. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/610940.
Nests of Mourning Warblers are typically situated on or near the ground, concealed among vegetation. These nests are skillfully constructed with grass, leaves, and plant fibers, forming a cup-shaped structure. Clutches of approximately four eggs incubate for around two weeks, and the young birds leave the nest within ten days.
30. Orange-crowned Warbler:
Orange-crowned Warblers pass through Pennsylvania during migration, primarily in April, May, and September. They are recorded on approximately 3% of spring and fall migration checklists.
These warblers exhibit a plain olive-green plumage without prominent distinguishing features.
Leiothlypis celata
Length: 4.7-5.5 in (12-14 cm)
Weight: 0.3-0.4 oz (9-11 g)
Wingspan: 7.5-8.7 in (19-22 cm)
Orange-crowned Warblers breed in Canada, the western United States, and Alaska, and during migration, they traverse the western and central United States. They spend their winters in Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean.
Spot Orange-crowned Warblers in a variety of habitats, including forests, woodlands, and shrubby areas, where they actively forage for insects.
Listen to the simple song of the Orange-crowned Warbler:
Credit: Andrew Spencer, XC511086. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/511086.
Nests of Orange-crowned Warblers are typically situated on or near the ground, concealed among vegetation. These nests are skillfully constructed with grass, leaves, and plant fibers, forming a cup-shaped structure. Clutches of approximately four eggs incubate for around two weeks, and the young birds leave the nest within ten days.
That completes the additional ten warbler species in Pennsylvania. Please let me know if you would like to continue with the remaining species.
Guide to Warbler Songs
The melodious tunes of warblers often reach your ears before their vibrant feathers catch your eye. Familiarizing yourself with a selection of their songs will aid in identifying these elusive birds. Fortunately, certain warblers possess more distinct songs than others.
Warblers’ songs encompass a range of characteristics, from buzzy and clear to trilling. These melodic compositions may ascend or descend in pitch and feature various intricate sounds. A buzzy note evokes the likeness of an insect, while a clear note resonates like a whistle. Trills, on the other hand, are so rapid that the individual notes become imperceptible.
This comprehensive guide provides the opportunity to hear the songs of all the warblers mentioned, and you can utilize it to acquaint yourself with the 13 easily recognizable warbler songs.
Warblers with Buzzy Songs:
– The Black-throated Blue Warbler’s song exhibits a rising, buzzy quality.
– Similarly, the Prairie Warbler’s songs possess a buzzy and ascending nature.
– The Black-throated Green Warbler’s songs are also buzzy, interspersed with a couple of clear notes in the middle.
– Blackpoll Warblers emit clear and steady songs resembling the buzz of an insect.
– Prairie Warblers produce a buzzy song that ascends in pitch.
– The Palm Warbler’s song carries a distinct buzzy quality.
Warblers with Songs featuring Clear Notes:
– The Common Yellowthroat’s song consists of a series of rising and falling notes, repeated in a rhythmic pattern.
– Ovenbirds deliver a series of ascending and descending notes in their song.
– Hooded Warblers also incorporate clear notes in their melodic repertoire.
– The Chestnut-sided Warbler’s song consists of a series of clear, descending notes that accelerate towards the end.
– Yellow-rumped Warblers emit a series of clear notes that gradually fade away.
– The Yellow Warbler’s song gradually quickens in pace.
– Northern Parulas exhibit a rising trill that concludes with a distinct note, akin to a concluding period.
– Wilson’s Warblers produce a song characterized by a series of clear, descending notes that progressively hasten.
Exploring the Frequency of Warbler Sightings in Pennsylvania during Summer and Winter
To ascertain which birds are commonly spotted in your state, checklists serve as an invaluable resource. These lists provide insight into the warbler species frequently recorded on eBird checklists during the summer and winter seasons in Pennsylvania.
Warblers in Pennsylvania during Summer:
– Common Yellowthroat – 30.2%
– Yellow Warbler – 23.1%
– Ovenbird – 20.0%
– American Redstart – 15.0%
– Black-and-white Warbler – 10.0%
– Yellow-rumped Warbler – 8.9%
– Black-throated Green Warbler – 8.7%
– Chestnut-sided Warbler – 7.8%
– Northern Parula – 7.1%
– Hooded Warbler – 6.6%
– Black-throated Blue Warbler – 6.2%
– Magnolia Warbler – 4.8%
– Blackburnian Warbler – 4.3%
– Blue-winged Warbler – 3.4%
– Blackpoll Warbler – 3.4%
– Louisiana Waterthrush – 3.3%
– Prairie Warbler – 3.0%
– Northern Waterthrush – 2.5%
– Canada Warbler – 2.1%
– Worm-eating Warbler – 2.1%
– Nashville Warbler – 2.0%
– Pine Warbler – 1.7%
– Tennessee Warbler – 1.7%
– Palm Warbler – 1.5%
– Cerulean Warbler – 1.4%
– Bay-breasted Warbler – 1.4%
– Yellow-breasted Chat – 1.2%
– Cape May Warbler – 1.1%
– Kentucky Warbler – 0.8%
– Wilson’s Warbler – 0.8%
– Yellow-throated Warbler – 0.7%
– Golden-winged Warbler – 0.6%
– Prothonotary Warbler – 0.5%
– Mourning Warbler – 0.5%
– Orange-crowned Warbler – <0.1%
– Connecticut Warbler – <0.1%
Warblers in Pennsylvania during Winter:
– Yellow-rumped Warbler – 1.7%
– Pine Warbler – 0.2%
– Orange-crowned Warbler – 0.1%
– Palm Warbler – 0.1%
– Common Yellowthroat – <0.1%
– Nashville Warbler – <0.1%
– Cape May Warbler – <0.1%
– Yellow-breasted Chat – <0.1%
– Ovenbird – <0.1%
– Black-and-white Warbler – <0.1%
– Yellow-throated Warbler – <0.1%
– Black-throated Blue Warbler – <0.1%
– Yellow Warbler – <0.1%
– Tennessee Warbler – <0.1%
– Prairie Warbler – <0.1%
– Wilson’s Warbler – <0.1%
– Northern Parula – <0.1%
– Black-throated Green Warbler – <0.1%
– Blackburnian Warbler – <0.1%
– Blackpoll Warbler – <0.1%
– Magnolia Warbler – <0.1%
– Northern Waterthrush – <0.1%
– American Redstart – <0.1%
– Blue-winged Warbler – <0.1%