This comprehensive handbook will assist you in identifying the various species of warblers that frequently inhabit Indiana. It offers photo identification and descriptions, as well as audio recordings of their melodic tunes, intriguing facts, and much more.
Warblers, which are petite migratory songbirds, undertake remarkable journeys from as distant as South America to breeding territories as far north as Canada. These vibrant and lively creatures traverse vast distances in a flash of vivid yellow and green, accompanied by a splendid array of melodies.
Wood-warblers, commonly referred to as North American warblers, predominantly inhabit woodland and forested areas. It is worth noting that avid birdwatchers who employ binoculars to observe these avian wonders may experience a condition known as “warbler neck,” characterized by neck stiffness and tingling sensations resulting from prolonged upward gazing into the treetops.
While warblers primarily feed on insects, they occasionally visit backyard feeders in search of seeds or mealworms. Furthermore, discover other bird species that regularly visit Indiana and obtain a complimentary identification chart.
This handbook serves as a reliable resource for identifying the regularly occurring warbler species in Indiana, drawing upon avibase data and information collected from dedicated bird enthusiasts on ebird. It provides authentic details about the optimal periods for spotting these enchanting birds.
Seasonal Warblers in Indiana:
During the summer in Indiana, you may encounter the following warbler species: Common Yellowthroat, Yellow Warbler, Northern Parula, American Redstart, Yellow-throated Warbler, Prothonotary Warbler, Yellow-breasted Chat, Louisiana Waterthrush, Prairie Warbler, Kentucky Warbler, Hooded Warbler, Cerulean Warbler, and Worm-eating Warbler.
In the midst of migration, Indiana becomes a temporary home to the following warbler species: Yellow-rumped Warbler, Tennessee Warbler, Palm Warbler, Black-throated Green Warbler, Nashville Warbler, Magnolia Warbler, Black-and-white Warbler, Ovenbird, Chestnut-sided Warbler, Blackpoll Warbler, Bay-breasted Warbler, Northern Waterthrush, Blackburnian Warbler, Blue-winged Warbler, Pine Warbler, Cape May Warbler, Wilson’s Warbler, Canada Warbler, Golden-winged Warbler, Black-throated Blue Warbler, Orange-crowned Warbler, Mourning Warbler, and Connecticut Warbler.
Indiana is home to an impressive total of 36 warbler species:
1. Common Yellowthroat
During the breeding season, Common Yellowthroats are frequently observed in Indiana. They are prevalent from April to October, featuring in 31% of summer checklists submitted by birdwatchers in the state.
These small songbirds boast brownish plumage on their backs and vibrant yellow undersides, complemented by elongated tails. Male individuals exhibit black masks across their faces. Notably, the intensity of their yellow hue may vary geographically, and certain regions may exhibit a more olive-toned underside.
Geothlypis trichas
Length: 4.3-5.1 inches (11-13 cm)
Weight: 0.3-0.3 ounces (9-10 g)
Wingspan: 5.9-7.5 inches (15-19 cm)
Common Yellowthroats spend their summers breeding throughout most of North America, excluding Alaska and northern Canada. Some individuals remain year-round along the Gulf Coast and Pacific Southwest, while others migrate south for the winter.
These birds can often be found in marshy or wetland areas, as well as in brushy fields with dense, tangled vegetation.
Enjoy the melodious song of the Common Yellowthroat:
Credit: Paul Marvin, XC629250. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/629250.
Female Common Yellowthroats construct nests near the ground within marshy environments, supported by reeds. The nests are constructed using grass and sedges, forming a platform made of leaves and grass. They lay up to six eggs, which require approximately twelve days to hatch, followed by an additional twelve days for the young to fledge.
To attract Common Yellowthroats to your spacious backyard, cultivate dense vegetation and native plants, creating an environment that entices insects.
Fun Fact: The black mask on male Common Yellowthroats serves as a visual signal to courting males, triggering aggressive behavior towards potential intruders such as fake birds lacking masks.
2. Yellow-rumped Warbler
While Yellow-rumped Warblers overwinter in Indiana, their numbers significantly increase during migration, occurring from April to May and September to November. They are present in 2% of winter checklists and can be observed in up to 39% of checklists during migration.
Yellow-rumped Warblers display a predominantly gray plumage, accented by flashes of yellow on the face, sides, and rump, with white evident on their wings. Females may exhibit a slight brownish tinge, while winter birds sport paler brown feathers that transition to bright yellow and gray during spring.
This species consists of two subspecies: the Myrtle Warbler, inhabiting the eastern US and boreal forests of Canada, lacks a yellow throat, while the Audubon’s Warbler, found in the western regions, features additional white patches on its wings.
Setophaga coronata
Length: 4.7-5.5 inches (12-14 cm)
Weight: 0.4-0.5 ounces (12-13 g)
Wingspan: 7.5-9.1 inches (19-23 cm)
Yellow-rumped Warblers primarily breed in Canada, spanning the Rockies and the Appalachian mountains. During migration, they can be spotted in the Midwest before wintering in southern and southwestern US states, as well as along the Pacific Coast, Mexico, and Central America.
These warblers tend to frequent coniferous forests, particularly during the breeding season, while opting for open areas with fruiting shrubs during winter. Their diet consists primarily of insects in summer and during migration, shifting to a predominantly fruit-based diet, including bayberry and wax myrtle, in winter.
Listen to the captivating song of the Yellow-rumped Warbler:
Credit: Christopher McPherson, XC602699. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/602699.
Female Yellow-rumped Warblers construct nests in conifer trees, utilizing twigs, pine needles, and grass, while lining the nest with soft grass, moss, and hair. They lay up to six eggs, requiring around two weeks to hatch, followed by an additional two weeks for the fledglings to leave the nest.
To attract Yellow-rumped Warblers to your backyard, provide sunflower seeds, suet, raisins, and peanut butter.
Fun Fact: During winter, Yellow-rumped Warblers form flocks comprising thousands of individuals, displaying territorial behavior towards other bird species that venture too close.
3. Yellow Warbler
Yellow Warblers breed in Indiana and are commonly sighted from April to October. They appear in 24% of summer checklists.
These small, radiant yellow birds possess a yellow-green back, with male individuals sporting chestnut streaks on their breasts. Females and juveniles exhibit a slightly less vibrant appearance compared to their male counterparts, lacking the distinctive streaks.
Setophaga petechia
Length: 4.7-5.1 inches (12-13 cm)
Weight: 0.3-0.4 ounces (9-11 g)
Wingspan: 6.3-7.9 inches (16-20 cm)
Yellow Warblers embark on extensive migrations, breeding in Canada and the majority of the United States, excluding southeastern states, before migrating south to Central and South America for winter. However, they can be spotted during migration in southeastern US states.
These charming warblers are commonly found along streams, wetlands, and thicket edges, actively foraging for insects such as caterpillars, midges, beetles, bugs, and wasps.
Listen to the delightful song of the Yellow Warbler:
Credit: Richard E. Webster, XC662546. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/662546.
Yellow Warbler nests are situated in small trees or shrubs, constructed from bark, grass, and woven plant material, secured with spider webs to form a cup-shaped structure. The nest is then lined with softer materials like hair, feathers, and plant down.
They lay up to seven eggs, requiring approximately twelve days to hatch, followed by an additional ten days for the young to fledge.
To attract Yellow Warblers to your backyard, provide suet, oranges, peanut butter, and plants with berries. Cultivate native plants that attract insects without the use of pesticides or excessive tidiness. Additionally, consider incorporating birdbaths with fountains near secluded plantings to offer protection.
Fun Fact: Yellow Warblers frequently fall victim to the actions of cowbirds, which lay their eggs in the warblers’ nests. If detected, the Yellow Warblers construct a new nest atop the existing one, repeating this process up to six times!
4. Northern Parula
Northern Parulas are sighted in Indiana during summer, primarily from March to October, accounting for 13% of checklists during this period.
These warblers exhibit a captivating blend of blueish-gray and yellow hues. Their backs showcase a bluish-gray tone, accentuated by a yellow patch, and feature two white wingbars.
Both male and female Northern Parulas boast a chestnut band that separates their yellow throats and chests. Females possess a paler appearance compared to males, lacking the chestnut band. Juveniles exhibit a similar paler appearance.
Setophaga americana
Length: 4.3-4.7 inches (11-12 cm)
Weight: 0.2-0.4 ounces (5-11 g)
Wingspan: 6.3-7.1 inches (16-18 cm)
Northern Parulas breed across the eastern US states and southeastern Canada, subsequently migrating to Central America and the Caribbean for winter. Some individuals may remain in southern Florida during the winter months.
These warblers are often observed feeding on insects within the upper reaches of deciduous forests.
Listen to the melodious song of the Northern Parula:
Credit: Christopher McPherson, XC599828. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/599828.
Nests of Northern Parulas are skillfully concealed within clumps of lichen and moss, draping from tree branches. Identifying these nests is best achieved by examining large clumps of hanging moss during the summer season.
To attract Northern Parulas to your backyard, incorporate native trees and shrubs, especially those bearing berries, and maintain brush piles to create insect-friendly zones.
Fun Fact: Northern Parula females handle the rearing of young, including incubation of eggs and feeding the fledglings, while the males serenade and remove fecal sacs!
5. American Redstart
American Redstarts spend the breeding season in Indiana, although they are more commonly encountered during migration in May and September. They are documented in 10% of summer checklists and up to 27% of checklists during migration.
American Redstarts feature predominantly black plumage with vibrant orange patches and a white belly. Females exhibit olive-gray coloring instead of black, adorned with yellow patches.
Setophaga ruticilla
Length: 4.3-5.1 inches (11-13 cm)
Weight: 0.2-0.3 ounces (6-9 g)
Wingspan: 6.3-7.5 inches (16-19 cm)
These warblers breed in the eastern US states and Canada, extending to northwestern US states. They may also be observed during migration in central and western US states.
American Redstarts can be found in deciduous woodlands, foraging for insects. Additionally, they frequent backyards and thickets, where they partake in feasting on berries such as serviceberry and magnolia.
Listen to the captivating song of the American Redstart:
Credit: Nick Kiehl, XC522368. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/522368.
Nests of American Redstarts are constructed close to the trunk of trees or large shrubs, using bark, grass, and other plant materials. They lay up to five eggs, which require just under two weeks to hatch, followed by an additional week or two for the fledglings to leave the nest.
To attract American Redstarts to your backyard, provide berry plants such as magnolia and serviceberry.
Fun Fact: American Redstart parents selectively feed specific chicks rather than attending to all of them simultaneously.
6. Tennessee Warbler
Tennessee Warblers are observed in Indiana during migration from April to May and August to October. They appear in up to 19% of checklists during migration.
Male Tennessee Warblers possess gray heads, green backs, and whitish underparts. Females exhibit a greener appearance with yellow undersides, as well as green heads. Males boast a white eyestripe, while females display a yellow eyestripe. Notably, they possess white undersides of their tails.
Leiothlypis peregrina
Length: 3.9-5.1 inches (10-13 cm)
Weight: 0.3-0.3 ounces (8-10 g)
Wingspan: 7.5-7.9 inches (19-20 cm)
Tennessee Warblers undertake extensive journeys, migrating from Central America to Canada. During migration, they can be observed traversing eastern US states.
These warblers are commonly spotted foraging for caterpillars on trees and shrubs within woodland habitats.
Listen to the captivating song of the Tennessee Warbler:
Credit: Christopher McPherson, XC444969. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/444969.
Nests of Tennessee Warblers are concealed within moss or tree roots, constructed from grass and weeds. They lay approximately six eggs, which require around twelve days to hatch, followed by a similar duration for the young to leave the nest.
Fun Fact: Despite their name, Tennessee Warblers do not breed or spend significant periods in Tennessee. They were named as such due to their initial discovery in Tennessee.
7. Palm Warbler
Palm Warblers can be sighted in Indiana during migration, occurring from April to May and September to October. However, they are most frequently observed during the spring migration in May, featuring in 23% of checklists during this time.
Palm Warblers display a rusty red patch atop their heads and exhibit a brownish-olive hue across their bodies. Individuals from the western regions possess whiter bellies. Notably, male and female Palm Warblers exhibit similar appearances during the breeding season, while non-breeding birds showcase duller crowns.
Setophaga palmarum
Length: 4.7-5.5 inches (12-14 cm)
Weight: 0.3-0.5 ounces (7-13 g)
Wingspan: 7.9-8.3 inches (20-21 cm)
Palm Warblers primarily breed in Canada, and their migration route traverses eastern US states. Some individuals spend the winter in Florida, along the southeastern coast, and even extend into Central America.
These warblers are commonly observed in weedy fields, forest edges, and scrubby areas during the spring and fall migration. They frequently forage on the ground, searching for insects, often mingling with other bird species such as sparrows, juncos, and yellow-rumped warblers.
Listen to the melodious song of the Palm Warbler:
Credit: Richard E. Webster, XC189604. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/189604.
Nests of Palm Warblers are situated in bogs and boreal forests on the ground, constructed from grass, sedge, and ferns woven into a cup shape, lined with soft grass, feathers, and animal hair. They lay approximately five eggs.
To attract Palm Warblers to your backyard, consider planting native plants that attract insects and incorporate bayberry or hawthorn trees for their berries.
Fun Fact: Unlike many other warbler species, Palm Warblers often traverse the ground, bobbing their tails while foraging for insects.
8. Yellow-throated Warbler
Yellow-throated Warblers are sighted in Indiana during the breeding season, appearing in 7% of summer checklists.
These warblers feature gray and white bodies adorned with black stripes and sport bright yellow throats. When viewed from below, their bellies and tails appear white. Females and juveniles exhibit paler plumage compared to adults.
Setophaga dominica
Length: 5.1-5.5 inches (13-14 cm)
Weight: 0.3-0.4 ounces (9-11 g)
Wingspan: 8.3 inches (21 cm)
Yellow-throated Warblers breed across the southeastern US states and spend winter in Florida, the Caribbean, and along the Gulf Coast, extending into Central America. Some individuals may remain resident in Florida throughout the year.
These warblers are typically found atop pine trees, searching for insects. However, during migration, they may forage at lower heights.
Listen to the captivating song of the Yellow-throated Warbler:
Credit: Paul Marvin, XC460438. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/460438.
Nests of Yellow-throated Warblers are constructed within Spanish moss hanging from tree branches. They create a pocket within the moss, utilizing grasses, weeds, and moss woven together to form a cup-shaped nest. The nest is then lined with softer materials such as feathers and animal hair. They lay around four eggs, requiring up to two weeks to hatch.
To attract Yellow-throated Warblers to your backyard, incorporate native plants and maintain wild and less-manicured areas.
Fun Fact: Yellow-throated Warblers have experienced a population increase in recent years. Originally, their numbers declined, and their range contracted. However, since 1966, their population has risen by 50%.
9. Black-throated Green Warbler
Black-throated Green Warblers are observed during migration in Indiana, predominantly sighted from April to May and September to October.
These warblers display predominantly yellow plumage, with a yellow face and head, complemented by an olive-yellow back. They exhibit black streaking on their sides and wings, while their undersides appear whitish. Males possess prominent black patches on their throats, while females and juveniles exhibit smaller patches.
Setophaga virens
Length: 4.3-4.7 inches (11-12 cm)
Weight: 0.3-0.4 ounces (7-11 g)
Wingspan: 6.7-7.9 inches (17-20 cm)
Black-throated Green Warblers embark on extensive migrations across the eastern US, reaching their breeding grounds in northeastern US states and Canada. During winter, they reside in Mexico, northern South America, and the Caribbean.
These warblers are commonly found high up in forests, actively feeding on insects. Their black throat serves as a distinguishing feature, setting them apart from other small yellow birds.
Listen to the captivating song of the Black-throated Green Warbler:
Credit: Paul Driver, XC187636. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/187636.
Nests of Black-throated Green Warblers are situated in small trees, located near the trunk. Constructed from twigs and bark woven together with spider webs, the nest is lined with animal hair, moss, and feathers. They lay around four eggs, requiring twelve days to hatch, followed by an additional ten days for the fledglings to leave the nest.
To attract Black-throated Green Warblers to your backyard, provide mature trees.
Fun Fact: Male Black-throated Green Warblers can sing over 400 times in an hour and perform a “gloating” flight display after chasing away rivals.
10. Nashville Warbler
Nashville Warblers are primarily sighted in Indiana during spring and fall migration, occurring from April to May and September to October.
Nashville Warblers exhibit predominantly yellow undersides, with white lower bellies. They possess greenish-yellow backs, gray heads, and a white eyering. Female and juvenile Nashville Warblers showcase a greener appearance, accompanied by a yellow eyestripe. Furthermore, their tails feature white undersides.
Leiothlypis ruficapilla
Length: 4.3-5.1 inches (11-13 cm)
Weight: 0.2-0.5 ounces (6.7-13.9 g)
Wingspan: 6.7-7.9 inches (17-20 cm)
Nashville Warblers breed in northeastern US states and Canada, with a smaller population present in northwestern US states and British Columbia. They can also be observed during migration across most US states. Their wintering grounds primarily reside in Mexico.
These warblers are commonly found in scrubby habitats and low deciduous forests, where they actively hunt for insects.
Listen to the captivating song of the Nashville Warbler:
Credit: Peter Ward and Ken Hall, XC512262. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/512262.
Nests of Nashville Warblers are concealed within shrubs, situated close to the ground. Constructed from bark, grass, and moss woven together, the nest is lined with softer materials. They lay around four eggs, requiring approximately twelve days to hatch, followed by ten days for the young to leave the nest.
To attract Nashville Warblers to your backyard during their winter stay in southern US states, provide suet.
Fun Fact: Nashville Warblers initially acquired their name from being first sighted in Tennessee, despite not breeding or spending significant periods in the state.
11. American Redstart
American Redstarts spend the breeding season in Indiana, although they are more commonly encountered during migration in May and September. They are documented in 10% of summer checklists and up to 27% of checklists during migration.
American Redstarts are mostly black with vibrant orange patches and a white belly. Females, on the other hand, exhibit olive-gray plumage instead of black, adorned with yellow patches.
Setophaga ruticilla
Length: 4.3-5.1 inches (11-13 cm)
Weight: 0.2-0.3 ounces (6-9 g)
Wingspan: 6.3-7.5 inches (16-19 cm)
These warblers breed in the eastern US states and Canada, extending to northwestern US states. They can also be observed during migration in central and western US states.
American Redstarts can be found in deciduous woodlands, where they actively forage for insects. Additionally, they frequent backyards and thickets, where they partake in feasting on berries such as serviceberry and magnolia.
Listen to the melodious song of the American Redstart:
Credit: Nick Kiehl, XC522368. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/522368.
Nests of American Redstarts are constructed close to the trunk of trees or large shrubs, using bark, grass, and other plant materials. They lay up to five eggs, which require just under two weeks to hatch, followed by an additional week or two for the fledglings to leave the nest.
To attract American Redstarts to your backyard, provide berry plants such as magnolia and serviceberry.
Fun Fact: American Redstart parents selectively feed specific chicks rather than attending to all of them simultaneously.
12. Tennessee Warbler
Tennessee Warblers are observed in Indiana during migration from April to May and August to October. They appear in up to 19% of checklists during migration.
Male Tennessee Warblers feature gray heads, green backs, and whitish underparts. Females exhibit a greener appearance with yellow undersides and green heads. Males possess a white eyestripe, while females display a yellow eyestripe. These warblers have white undersides on their tails.
Leiothlypis peregrina
Length: 3.9-5.1 inches (10-13 cm)
Weight: 0.3-0.3 ounces (8-10 g)
Wingspan: 7.5-7.9 inches (19-20 cm)
Tennessee Warblers undertake extensive migrations, traveling from Central America to Canada. During migration, they can be observed traversing eastern US states.
These warblers are commonly found feeding on caterpillars, primarily on trees and shrubs within woodland habitats.
Listen to the captivating song of the Tennessee Warbler:
Credit: Christopher McPherson, XC444969. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/444969.
Nests of Tennessee Warblers are hidden in moss or tree roots, constructed from grass and weeds. They lay approximately six eggs, which require around twelve days to hatch, followed by the same duration for the fledglings to leave the nest.
Fun Fact: Despite their name, Tennessee Warblers do not breed or spend significant periods in Tennessee. They were named as such due to their initial discovery in Tennessee.
13. Palm Warbler
Palm Warblers can be sighted in Indiana during migration, occurring from April to May and September to October. However, they are most frequently observed during the spring migration in May, featuring in 23% of checklists during this time.
Palm Warblers display a rusty red patch on the top of their heads and exhibit a brownish-olive color across their bodies. Individuals from the western regions possess whiter bellies. Notably, male and female Palm Warblers exhibit similar appearances during the breeding season, while non-breeding birds showcase duller crowns.
Setophaga palmarum
Length: 4.7-5.5 inches (12-14 cm)
Weight: 0.3-0.5 ounces (7-13 g)
Wingspan: 7.9-8.3 inches (20-21 cm)
Palm Warblers predominantly breed in Canada and can be observed during migration in eastern US states. Some individuals winter in Florida, along the southeastern coast, and even venture into Central America.
These warblers are commonly spotted during the spring and fall migration in weedy fields, forest edges, and scrubby areas. They are often found foraging on the ground, searching for insects, and can be seen alongside other birds such as sparrows, juncos, and yellow-rumped warblers.
Listen to the melodious song of the Palm Warbler:
Credit: Richard E. Webster, XC189604. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/189604.
Nests of Palm Warblers are situated in bogs and boreal forests on the ground, constructed from grass, sedge, and ferns woven into a cup shape, and lined with soft grass, feathers, and animal hair. They lay approximately five eggs.
To attract Palm Warblers to your backyard, consider planting native plants that attract insects and incorporate bayberry or hawthorn trees for their berries.
Fun Fact: Unlike many other warbler species, Palm Warblers often traverse the ground, bobbing their tails while foraging for insects.
14. Yellow-throated Warbler
Yellow-throated Warblers are sighted in Indiana during the breeding season and appear in 7% of summer checklists.
Yellow-throated Warblers have gray and white bodies with black stripes and bright yellow throats. They also have white bellies and tails when viewed from below. Females and juveniles exhibit paler plumage.
Setophaga dominica
Length: 5.1-5.5 inches (13-14 cm)
Weight: 0.3-0.4 ounces (9-11 g)
Wingspan: 8.3 inches (21 cm)
Yellow-throated Warblers breed across the southeastern US states and spend winter in Florida, the Caribbean, and along the Gulf Coast, extending into Central America. Some individuals may remain resident in Florida throughout the year.
These warblers are usually found at the tops of pine trees, where they actively search for insects. However, during migration, they may forage at lower heights.
Listen to the melodious song of the Yellow-throated Warbler:
Credit: Paul Marvin, XC460438. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/460438.
Nests of Yellow-throated Warblers are built within Spanish moss hanging from tree branches. They create a pocket within the moss, using grasses, weeds, and moss woven together to form a cup-shaped nest. The nest is then lined with softer materials. They lay around four eggs, which require up to two weeks to hatch.
To attract Yellow-throated Warblers to your backyard, incorporate native plants and maintain wild and less-manicured areas.
Fun Fact: Yellow-throated Warblers have experienced a population increase in recent years. Originally, their numbers declined, and their range contracted. However, since 1966, their population has risen by 50%.
15. Black-throated Green Warbler
Black-throated Green Warblers are observed during migration in Indiana, predominantly sighted from April to May and September to October.
These warblers display predominantly yellow plumage, with a yellow face and head, complemented by an olive-yellow back. They exhibit black streaking on their sides and wings, while their undersides appear whitish. Males possess large black patches on their throats, while females and juveniles exhibit smaller patches.
Setophaga virens
Length: 4.3-4.7 inches (11-12 cm)
Weight: 0.3-0.4 ounces (7-11 g)
Wingspan: 6.7-7.9 inches (17-20 cm)
Black-throated Green Warblers can mostly be seen during their extensive migration across the eastern US, as they journey to their breeding grounds in northeastern US states and Canada. They spend the winter in Mexico, northern South America, and the Caribbean.
These warblers are commonly found high up in forests, where they actively feed on insects. Their black throat serves as an easily recognizable feature, distinguishing them from other small yellow birds.
Listen to the captivating song of the Black-throated Green Warbler:
Credit: Paul Driver, XC187636. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/187636.
Nests of Black-throated Green Warblers are situated in small trees, located close to the trunk. Constructed from twigs and bark woven together with spider webs, the nest is lined with animal hair, moss, and feathers. They lay around four eggs, which require twelve days to hatch, followed by an additional ten days for the fledglings to leave the nest.
To attract Black-throated Green Warblers to your backyard, provide mature trees.
Fun Fact: Male Black-throated Green Warblers can sing over 400 times in an hour and perform a “gloating” flight display after chasing away rivals.
16. Nashville Warbler
Nashville Warblers are primarily sighted in Indiana during spring and fall migration, occurring from April to May and September to October.
Nashville Warblers exhibit predominantly yellow undersides, with white lower bellies. They possess greenish-yellow backs, gray heads, and a white eyering. Female and juvenile Nashville Warblers showcase a greener appearance, accompanied by a yellow eyestripe. Furthermore, their tails feature white undersides.
Leiothlypis ruficapilla
Length: 4.3-5.1 inches (11-13 cm)
Weight: 0.2-0.5 ounces (6.7-13.9 g)
Wingspan: 6.7-7.9 inches (17-20 cm)
Nashville Warblers breed in northeastern US states and Canada, with a smaller population present in northwestern US states and British Columbia. They can also be observed during migration across most US states. Their wintering grounds primarily reside in Mexico.
These warblers are commonly found in scrubby habitats and low deciduous forests, where they actively hunt for insects.
Listen to the captivating song of the Nashville Warbler:
Credit: Peter Ward and Ken Hall, XC512262. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/512262.
Nests of Nashville Warblers are concealed within shrubs, situated close to the ground. Constructed from bark, grass, and moss woven together, the nest is lined with softer materials. They lay around four eggs, requiring approximately twelve days to hatch, followed by ten days for the fledglings to leave the nest.
To attract Nashville Warblers to your backyard during their winter stay in southern US states, provide suet.
Fun Fact: Nashville Warblers were named after their initial discovery in Tennessee, despite not breeding or spending significant periods in the state.
17. Magnolia Warbler
Magnolia Warblers can be spotted in Indiana during migration, primarily from April to May and September to October.
These warblers showcase a striking appearance with black streaking on their yellow undersides, a bold black necklace across their chest, and a yellow patch on their rump. They also possess a black mask across their eyes.
Setophaga magnolia
Length: 4.3-5.1 inches (11-13 cm)
Weight: 0.3-0.4 ounces (8-11 g)
Wingspan: 7.1-8.7 inches (18-22 cm)
Magnolia Warblers breed in the boreal forests of Canada and the northeastern US states. During migration, they can be observed in various regions of the US.
These warblers prefer habitats such as mixed forests and woodlands. They actively forage for insects, often gleaning them from the foliage.
Listen to the melodious song of the Magnolia Warbler:
Credit: Greg Irving, XC566251. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/566251.
Nests of Magnolia Warblers are cup-shaped and built from grass, leaves, and moss, lined with finer materials such as hair and feathers. They lay around four to five eggs, which require approximately two weeks to hatch. The young warblers stay in the nest for about 10-12 days before fledging.
To attract Magnolia Warblers to your backyard, provide a diverse habitat with trees and shrubs that offer food and cover.
Fun Fact: The Magnolia Warbler is named after the magnolia tree, even though it does not have a significant association with that tree species.
18. Black-and-white Warbler
Black-and-white Warblers can be sighted in Indiana during migration, primarily from April to May and September to October.
These warblers display a distinct black-and-white pattern on their plumage, resembling the look of a tiny pied woodpecker. They have bold black stripes running down their white undersides and wings.
Mniotilta varia
Length: 4.3-5.1 inches (11-13 cm)
Weight: 0.3-0.4 ounces (8-11 g)
Wingspan: 7.5-9.1 inches (19-23 cm)
Black-and-white Warblers breed in the boreal forests of Canada and the northeastern US states. During migration, they can be found across various regions of the US.
These warblers prefer habitats such as deciduous forests, where they actively search for insects by hopping along tree trunks and branches.
Listen to the distinctive song of the Black-and-white Warbler:
Credit: Paul Marvin, XC442073. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/442073.
Nests of Black-and-white Warblers are built on the ground or in tree cavities, constructed from grass, leaves, and bark strips. They lay around four to five eggs, which require approximately two weeks to hatch. The fledglings leave the nest after about 10-12 days.
To attract Black-and-white Warblers to your backyard, provide dead trees or nest boxes that resemble tree cavities.
Fun Fact: Black-and-white Warblers are known for their unique foraging behavior of creeping along tree trunks and branches, similar to the feeding style of a nuthatch.
19. Ovenbird
Ovenbirds can be found in Indiana during migration, primarily from April to May and September to October.
These warblers possess a distinctive appearance with olive-brown plumage, a boldly marked black and orange crown, and streaked undersides. They also have a distinct white eye-ring.
Seiurus aurocapilla
Length: 5.5-6.3 inches (14-16 cm)
Weight: 0.5-0.6 ounces (14-17 g)
Wingspan: 7.9-9.4 inches (20-24 cm)
Ovenbirds breed in the northeastern US states and across Canada. During migration, they can be found in various regions of the US.
These warblers prefer habitats such as deciduous forests with a dense understory. They actively forage on the ground, searching for insects and other small invertebrates.
Listen to the unique song of the Ovenbird:
Credit: Andrew Spencer, XC539325. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/539325.
Nests of Ovenbirds are constructed on the ground, hidden under leaf litter or vegetation, and resemble an old-fashioned oven, hence their name. They lay around four eggs, which require approximately two weeks to hatch. The young Ovenbirds leave the nest after about 10-12 days.
To attract Ovenbirds to your backyard, maintain a natural and undisturbed habitat with dense understory vegetation.
Fun Fact: Ovenbirds are known for their distinct “teacher-teacher-teacher” song, which sounds like someone saying the word “teacher” repeatedly.
20. Chestnut-sided Warbler
Chestnut-sided Warblers can be sighted in Indiana during migration, primarily from April to May and September to October.
These warblers display a striking appearance with bright yellow plumage on their undersides, complemented by a bold chestnut-colored patch on their sides. Their backs are grayish-green, and they possess a distinct white eyering.
Setophaga pensylvanica
Length: 4.7-5.1 inches (12-13 cm)
Weight: 0.3-0.4 ounces (9-11 g)
Wingspan: 7.5-8.3 inches (19-21 cm)
Chestnut-sided Warblers breed in the northeastern US states and across Canada. During migration, they can be observed in various regions of the US.
These warblers prefer habitats such as young deciduous forests and regenerating clearings. They actively forage in shrubby areas for insects and spiders.
Listen to the delightful song of the Chestnut-sided Warbler:
Credit: Paul Marvin, XC634546. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/634546.
Nests of Chestnut-sided Warblers are constructed in dense vegetation, typically close to the ground. They lay around three to five eggs, which require approximately two weeks to hatch. The fledglings leave the nest after about 10-12 days.
To attract Chestnut-sided Warblers to your backyard, provide shrubby areas with diverse vegetation and a source of insects.
Fun Fact: Chestnut-sided Warblers are often referred to as the “trapeze artist” warblers due to their acrobatic behavior of hanging and swinging from branches while foraging.
21. Blackpoll Warbler
Blackpoll Warblers can be observed in Indiana during migration, primarily from May to June and August to September.
These warblers exhibit a contrasting appearance, with black crowns and white cheeks, complemented by streaked gray and white plumage. They possess yellow legs and feet.
Setophaga striata
Length: 4.7-5.5 inches (12-14 cm)
Weight: 0.3-0.5 ounces (9-14 g)
Wingspan: 7.5-9.1 inches (19-23 cm)
Blackpoll Warblers breed in the boreal forests of Canada and Alaska. During migration, they undertake an impressive journey, flying nonstop for up to 88 hours over the Atlantic Ocean to reach their wintering grounds in South America.
These warblers prefer various habitats during migration, including forests, woodlands, and coastal areas. They actively forage for insects, often in the upper canopy of trees.
Listen to the song of the Blackpoll Warbler:
Credit: Ross Gallardy, XC558252. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/558252.
Nests of Blackpoll Warblers are constructed in coniferous trees, typically high above the ground. They lay around four to five eggs, which require approximately two weeks to hatch. The young warblers stay in the nest for about 10-12 days before fledging.
To attract Blackpoll Warblers to your backyard, provide a variety of trees and shrubs for cover and food resources.
Fun Fact: Blackpoll Warblers undertake one of the longest overwater migrations of any songbird, traveling thousands of miles over the Atlantic Ocean during their journey south.
22. Bay-breasted Warbler
Bay-breasted Warblers can be spotted in Indiana during migration, primarily from May to June and August to September.
These warblers showcase a beautiful combination of pinkish-brown plumage on their upperparts, complemented by a distinct chestnut-colored crown and flanks. Their undersides are pale yellow, and they have white patches on their wings.
Setophaga castanea
Length: 4.7-5.1 inches (12-13 cm)
Weight: 0.3-0.4 ounces (8-11 g)
Wingspan: 7.1-7.9 inches (18-20 cm)
Bay-breasted Warblers breed in the boreal forests of Canada and Alaska. During migration, they can be found in various regions of the US.
These warblers prefer habitats such as coniferous and mixed forests, where they actively forage for insects, spiders, and small berries.
Listen to the melodious song of the Bay-breasted Warbler:
Credit: Andrew Spencer, XC510977. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/510977.
Nests of Bay-breasted Warblers are constructed in coniferous trees, typically close to the trunk. They lay around three to five eggs, which require approximately two weeks to hatch. The young warblers leave the nest after about 10-12 days.
To attract Bay-breasted Warblers to your backyard, provide coniferous trees and shrubs that offer food and cover.
Fun Fact: The breeding plumage of male Bay-breasted Warblers displays vibrant chestnut colors, earning them the nickname “autumn warblers.”
23. Northern Waterthrush
Northern Waterthrushes can be sighted in Indiana during migration, primarily from April to May and August to September.
These warblers exhibit a streaked brown plumage on their upperparts, accompanied by a white eyestripe and pale yellow undersides with prominent streaking. They possess pinkish legs and a long, thin bill.
Parkesia noveboracensis
Length: 5.1-5.9 inches (13-15 cm)
Weight: 0.5-0.7 ounces (15-20 g)
Wingspan: 8.3-9.1 inches (21-23 cm)
Northern Waterthrushes breed in the boreal forests of Canada and Alaska. During migration, they can be found in various regions of the US.
These warblers prefer habitats such as wetlands, marshes, and forested streamsides, where they actively forage for insects, small crustaceans, and other aquatic invertebrates.
Listen to the unique song of the Northern Waterthrush:
Credit: Paul Marvin, XC634825. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/634825.
Nests of Northern Waterthrushes are constructed on the ground, typically hidden under dense vegetation or tree roots near water. They lay around four to six eggs, which require approximately two weeks to hatch. The fledglings leave the nest after about 10-12 days.
To attract Northern Waterthrushes to your backyard, create a water feature or maintain a natural habitat near water sources.
Fun Fact: Despite their name, Northern Waterthrushes are not thrushes but actually warblers. The name “waterthrush” refers to their habit of foraging near water.
24. Blackburnian Warbler
Blackburnian Warblers can be observed in Indiana during migration, primarily from April to May and August to September.
These warblers display a striking combination of black and orange plumage. The males have vibrant orange throats, black upperparts, and white undersides with bold black streaking. Females have a duller appearance with yellowish undersides.
Setophaga fusca
Length: 4.3-4.7 inches (11-12 cm)
Weight: 0.3-0.4 ounces (8-11 g)
Wingspan: 7.1-7.9 inches (18-20 cm)
Blackburnian Warblers breed in the northeastern US states and across Canada. During migration, they can be observed in various regions of the US.
These warblers prefer habitats such as mature deciduous and mixed forests, especially those with tall trees. They actively forage for insects and spiders high in the tree canopy.
Listen to the unique song of the Blackburnian Warbler:
Credit: Greg Irving, XC566252. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/566252.
Nests of Blackburnian Warblers are constructed on the branches of coniferous or deciduous trees, typically near the trunk. They lay around three to four eggs, which require approximately two weeks to hatch. The young warblers leave the nest after about 10-12 days.
To attract Blackburnian Warblers to your backyard, provide tall trees and maintain a diverse and mature forested habitat.
Fun Fact: Blackburnian Warblers have one of the highest pitched songs among North American warblers, which helps them stand out in the forest canopy.
25. Blue-winged Warbler
Blue-winged Warblers can be spotted in Indiana during migration, primarily from April to May and August to September.
These warblers showcase a vibrant combination of yellow and blue plumage. They have bright yellow undersides, a blue-gray back, and a distinct blue patch on their wings. Males also have a black eye mask.
Vermivora cyanoptera
Length: 4.7-5.1 inches (12-13 cm)
Weight: 0.3-0.4 ounces (9-11 g)
Wingspan: 7.5-8.3 inches (19-21 cm)
Blue-winged Warblers breed in the eastern US states and parts of the Midwest. During migration, they can be observed in various regions of the US.
These warblers prefer habitats such as open woodlands, shrubby areas, and forest edges. They actively forage for insects and caterpillars.
Listen to the song of the Blue-winged Warbler:
Credit: Mike Nelson, XC638915. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/638915.
Nests of Blue-winged Warblers are constructed in low shrubs or small trees, typically close to the ground. They lay around three to seven eggs, which require approximately two weeks to hatch. The fledglings leave the nest after about 10-12 days.
To attract Blue-winged Warblers to your backyard, create shrubby and open areas with native plants and provide a water source.
Fun Fact: Blue-winged Warblers often hybridize with Golden-winged Warblers, resulting in a mixed hybrid species called “Brewster’s Warbler” or “Lawrence’s Warbler.”
26. Pine Warbler
Pine Warblers can be found in Indiana during migration, primarily from April to May and August to September.
These warblers have a relatively plain appearance with olive-green upperparts and pale yellow undersides. They often have faint streaking on their chests and possess a thin bill.
Setophaga pinus
Length: 4.7-5.5 inches (12-14 cm)
Weight: 0.3-0.4 ounces (9-11 g)
Wingspan: 7.5-9.1 inches (19-23 cm)
Pine Warblers breed in the southeastern US states and parts of the Midwest. During migration, they can be observed in various regions of the US.
These warblers prefer habitats such as pine forests, mixed woodlands, and forest edges. They actively forage for insects and spiders, often high in the tree canopy.
Listen to the pleasant song of the Pine Warbler:
Credit: Paul Marvin, XC640129. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/640129.
Nests of Pine Warblers are constructed in pine trees, typically close to the trunk. They lay around three to five eggs, which require approximately two weeks to hatch. The young warblers leave the nest after about 10-12 days.
To attract Pine Warblers to your backyard, provide pine trees and maintain a natural habitat with suitable foraging opportunities.
Fun Fact: Pine Warblers are one of the few warbler species that regularly sing during the winter months, even in their breeding territories.
27. Cape May Warbler
Cape May Warblers can be observed in Indiana during migration, primarily from May to June and August to September.
These warblers display a unique combination of yellow, green, and chestnut plumage. They have a yellow face and underparts, streaked greenish upperparts, and distinctive chestnut cheek patches.
Setophaga tigrina
Length: 4.7-5.1 inches (12-13 cm)
Weight: 0.3-0.4 ounces (9-11 g)
Wingspan: 7.5-8.3 inches (19-21 cm)
Cape May Warblers breed in the boreal forests of North America, particularly in Canada. During migration, they can be observed in various regions of the US.
These warblers prefer habitats such as coniferous and mixed forests, as well as shrubby areas. They actively forage for insects, including spiders, aphids, and treehoppers.
Listen to the unique song of the Cape May Warbler:
Credit: Andrew Spencer, XC575510. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/575510.
Nests of Cape May Warblers are constructed in coniferous trees, typically near the outer branches. They lay around three to five eggs, which require approximately two weeks to hatch. The young warblers leave the nest after about 10-12 days.
To attract Cape May Warblers to your backyard, provide coniferous trees and maintain a habitat with a diverse insect population.
Fun Fact: The unique “chestnut cheek” patches of the Cape May Warbler are actually specialized feathers called “semiplumes” that help the bird extract nectar from flowers during its wintering period in the Caribbean.
28. Wilson’s Warbler
Wilson’s Warblers can be spotted in Indiana during migration, primarily from April to May and August to September.
These warblers have bright yellow plumage on their undersides, complemented by olive-green upperparts and a distinctive black cap. Males have a more extensive black cap compared to females.
Cardellina pusilla
Length: 4.3-4.7 inches (11-12 cm)
Weight: 0.3-0.4 ounces (8-11 g)
Wingspan: 6.7-7.5 inches (17-19 cm)
Wilson’s Warblers breed in the western US states and Canada. During migration, they can be observed in various regions of the US.
These warblers prefer habitats such as forests, woodlands, and shrubby areas near water. They actively forage for insects, including beetles, caterpillars, and spiders.
Listen to the cheerful song of the Wilson’s Warbler:
Credit: Richard E. Webster, XC568100. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/568100.
Nests of Wilson’s Warblers are constructed on the ground, typically hidden under vegetation or in shrubby areas. They lay around four to six eggs, which require approximately two weeks to hatch. The fledglings leave the nest after about 10-12 days.
To attract Wilson’s Warblers to your backyard, provide shrubby areas near water sources and maintain a diverse insect population.
Fun Fact: Wilson’s Warblers have an extraordinary migration pattern, undertaking one of the longest migrations of any warbler species. They travel from their breeding grounds in western North America to their wintering grounds in Central and South America, covering thousands of miles each way.
29. Canada Warbler
Canada Warblers can be observed in Indiana during migration, primarily from May to June and August to September.
These warblers exhibit a striking appearance with slate-gray upperparts, bright yellow underparts, and a distinctive necklace of black
streaks across their yellow chests.
Cardellina canadensis
Length: 4.3-5.1 inches (11-13 cm)
Weight: 0.3-0.4 ounces (8-11 g)
Wingspan: 6.7-7.5 inches (17-19 cm)
Canada Warblers breed in the boreal forests of Canada and parts of the northeastern US states. During migration, they can be observed in various regions of the US.
These warblers prefer habitats such as moist woodlands, especially those near water sources. They actively forage for insects, including spiders, caterpillars, and beetles.
Listen to the pleasant song of the Canada Warbler:
Credit: Eric DeFonso, XC638006. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/638006.
Nests of Canada Warblers are constructed on the ground, typically hidden under vegetation or in shrubby areas. They lay around four to five eggs, which require approximately two weeks to hatch. The young warblers leave the nest after about 10-12 days.
To attract Canada Warblers to your backyard, provide dense shrubby areas near water sources and maintain a habitat with suitable insect populations.
Fun Fact: Canada Warblers are known for their unique migration behavior. They undertake a nonstop flight across the Gulf of Mexico during their journey from their wintering grounds in South America to their breeding grounds in Canada.
30. Golden-winged Warbler
Golden-winged Warblers can be spotted in Indiana during migration, primarily from April to May and August to September.
These warblers exhibit a striking combination of black, white, and yellow plumage. They have black upperparts with white wing bars and a distinctive golden-yellow patch on their wings. Males also have a yellow crown and throat, while females have more subdued colors.
Vermivora chrysoptera
Length: 4.3-4.7 inches (11-12 cm)
Weight: 0.3-0.4 ounces (8-11 g)
Wingspan: 7.1-7.9 inches (18-20 cm)
Golden-winged Warblers breed in the northeastern US states and parts of Canada. During migration, they can be observed in various regions of the US.
These warblers prefer habitats such as early successional forests, shrubby areas, and wetlands. They actively forage for insects, including caterpillars, beetles, and flies.
Listen to the song of the Golden-winged Warbler:
Credit: Peter Boesman, XC390166. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/390166.
Nests of Golden-winged Warblers are constructed on the ground or in low shrubs, typically hidden under dense vegetation. They lay around four to five eggs, which require approximately two weeks to hatch. The young warblers leave the nest after about 10-12 days.
To attract Golden-winged Warblers to your backyard, provide shrubby areas and maintain a habitat with suitable foraging opportunities.
Fun Fact: Golden-winged Warblers are experiencing population declines in many parts of their range. Conservation efforts, such as habitat management and protection, are crucial for their survival.
31. Black-throated Blue Warbler
Black-throated Blue Warblers can be observed in Indiana during migration, primarily from May to June and August to September.
These warblers display a distinctive appearance with deep blue upperparts and a black throat and face. The females have more subdued colors, with grayish-blue upperparts and a paler throat.
Setophaga caerulescens
Length: 4.7-5.1 inches (12-13 cm)
Weight: 0.3-0.4 ounces (9-11 g)
Wingspan: 7.1-7.9 inches (18-20 cm)
Black-throated Blue Warblers breed in the northeastern US states and parts of Canada. During migration, they can be observed in various regions of the US.
These warblers prefer habitats such as deciduous and mixed forests, often in areas with dense understory. They actively forage for insects, including caterpillars, spiders, and beetles.
Listen to the song of the Black-throated Blue Warbler:
Credit: Andrew Spencer, XC437377. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/437377.
Nests of Black-throated Blue Warblers are constructed on or near the ground, typically hidden under vegetation or fallen leaves. They lay around three to five eggs, which require approximately two weeks to hatch. The young warblers leave the nest after about 10-12 days.
To attract Black-throated Blue Warblers to your backyard, provide a diverse forested habitat with a dense understory and suitable food sources.
Fun Fact: Male Black-throated Blue Warblers are known for their unique courtship display called the “butterfly flight.” They flutter their wings rapidly while singing to attract females.
32. Orange-crowned Warbler
Orange-crowned Warblers can be spotted in Indiana during migration, primarily from April to May and August to September.
These warblers have a relatively plain appearance, with dull greenish-gray plumage and a yellowish undertone. The orange crown patch, which is often concealed, is only visible on some individuals.
Leiothlypis celata
Length: 4.7-5.1 inches (12-13 cm)
Weight: 0.3-0.4 ounces (9-11 g)
Wingspan: 7.5-8.3 inches (19-21 cm)
Orange-crowned Warblers breed in various regions across North America, including parts of Canada, the western US states, and Alaska. During migration, they can be observed in various regions of the US.
These warblers prefer habitats such as shrubby areas, open woodlands, and brushy thickets. They actively forage for insects, spiders, and small fruits.
Listen to the song of the Orange-crowned Warbler:
Credit: Andrew Spencer, XC503705. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/503705.
Nests of Orange-crowned Warblers are constructed in low shrubs or small trees, typically concealed within dense vegetation. They lay around four to six eggs, which require approximately two weeks to hatch. The fledglings leave the nest after about 10-12 days.
To attract Orange-crowned Warblers to your backyard, provide shrubby areas with a diverse range of vegetation.
Fun Fact: Orange-crowned Warblers are known for their relatively secretive behavior and often stay hidden within dense foliage, making them challenging to spot even when they are present in an area.
33. Mourning Warbler
Mourning Warblers can be observed in Indiana during migration, primarily from May to June and August to September.
These warblers have a unique appearance, with bluish-gray upperparts, a yellow throat and breast, and a distinctive black patch on their cheeks. Females have a more subdued coloration, with a paler throat.
Geothlypis philadelphia
Length: 4.7-5.1 inches (12-13 cm)
Weight: 0.3-0.4 ounces (9-11 g)
Wingspan: 7.1-7.9 inches (18-20 cm)
Mourning Warblers breed in the northeastern US states and parts of Canada. During migration, they can be observed in various regions of the US.
These warblers prefer habitats such as dense understory in wet forests, shrubby areas, and damp thickets. They actively forage for insects, spiders, and small berries.
Listen to the song of the Mourning Warbler:
Credit: Jonathon Jongsma, XC395303. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/395303.
Nests of Mourning Warblers are constructed on the ground, typically hidden under vegetation or leaf litter. They lay around four to five eggs, which require approximately two weeks to hatch. The young warblers leave the nest after about 10-12 days.
To attract Mourning Warblers to your backyard, provide a diverse and dense understory habitat with suitable food sources.
Fun Fact: The Mourning Warbler gets its name from its mournful-sounding song, which is often described as a series of whistles followed by a descending trill.
34. Connecticut Warbler
Connecticut Warblers can be spotted in Indiana during migration, primarily from May to June and August to September.
These warblers have a unique appearance, with olive-brown upperparts, a grayish head, and a bright yellow throat and breast. They also have distinctive white eye rings and a contrasting dark facial mask.
Oporornis agilis
Length: 5.1-5.5 inches (13-14 cm)
Weight: 0.4-0.6 ounces (11-17 g)
Wingspan: 8.3-9.1 inches (21-23 cm)
Connecticut Warblers breed in the boreal forests of Canada and parts of the northern US states. During migration, they can be observed in various regions of the US.
These warblers prefer habitats such as dense shrubby areas, wetlands, and swampy thickets. They actively forage for insects, especially caterpillars, in the understory.
Listen to the song of the Connecticut Warbler:
Credit: Tom Johnson, XC613678. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/613678.
Nests of Connecticut Warblers are constructed on the ground, typically hidden under dense vegetation or leaf litter. They lay around four to five eggs, which require approximately two weeks to hatch. The young warblers leave the nest after about 10-12 days.
To attract Connecticut Warblers to your backyard, provide dense shrubby areas with suitable foraging opportunities.
Fun Fact: The Connecticut Warbler is known for its elusive behavior, often staying hidden in dense vegetation and being difficult to spot. It was named after Connecticut, where it was first described in the 19th century.
35. Hooded Warbler
Hooded Warblers can be observed in Indiana during migration, primarily from May to June and August to September.
These warblers have a striking appearance, with bright yellow plumage on their underparts and a black hood that extends to their throat and upper breast. Females have a more subdued coloration, with a gray-green hood.
Setophaga citrina
Length: 4.3-4.7 inches (11-12 cm)
Weight: 0.3-0.4 ounces (9-11 g)
Wingspan: 7.1-7.9 inches (18-20 cm)
Hooded Warblers breed in the eastern US states and parts of the southeastern US. During migration, they can be observed in various regions of the US.
These warblers prefer habitats such as deciduous forests, wooded swamps, and thickets near water. They actively forage for insects, spiders, and small fruits.
Listen to the song of the Hooded Warbler:
Credit: Mike Nelson, XC306129. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/306129.
Nests of Hooded Warblers are constructed on or near the ground, typically hidden under dense vegetation or low shrubs. They lay around three to five eggs, which require approximately two weeks to hatch. The young warblers leave the nest after about 10-12 days.
To attract Hooded Warblers to your backyard, provide a diverse forested habitat with a dense understory and suitable food sources.
Fun Fact: Hooded Warblers have a unique feeding behavior called “gleaning.” They search for insects and spiders by examining leaves and branches carefully, often turning their heads from side to side.
36. Worm-eating Warbler
Worm-eating Warblers can be spotted in Indiana during migration, primarily from May to June and August to September.
These warblers have a distinctive appearance, with grayish-brown upperparts, a buff-colored head, and a yellowish throat. They also have prominent black stripes through their eyes and on their cheeks.
Helmitheros vermivorum
Length: 4.7-5.1 inches (12-13 cm)
Weight: 0.3-0.4 ounces (9-11 g)
Wingspan: 7.1-7.9 inches (18-20 cm)
Worm-eating Warblers breed in the southeastern US states and parts of the northeastern US. During migration, they can be observed in various regions of the US.
These warblers prefer habitats such as deciduous forests with thick leaf litter and dense understory. They actively forage for insects, especially caterpillars and spiders, by searching through leaf litter and probing the ground.
Listen to the song of the Worm-eating Warbler:
Credit: Mike Nelson, XC306131. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/306131.
Nests of Worm-eating Warblers are constructed on or near the ground, typically hidden under leaf litter or vegetation. They lay around three to five eggs, which require approximately two weeks to hatch. The young warblers leave the nest after about 10-12 days.
To attract Worm-eating Warblers to your backyard, provide a habitat with dense leaf litter and understory vegetation.
Fun Fact: Despite their name, Worm-eating Warblers primarily feed on insects and spiders, rather than worms. Their name comes from their behavior of foraging in leaf litter, where they find a variety of small invertebrates.
Discovering the Frequency of Warbler Sightings in Indiana during Summer and Winter
In Indiana, one can find valuable checklists to determine the prevalent avian species within the state. These comprehensive lists unveil the most commonly observed warblers during the summer and winter seasons, as documented on the ebird checklists.
Warblers encountered in Indiana during summer:
1. Common Yellowthroat – Spotted at a rate of 31.7%
2. Yellow Warbler – Frequently seen, comprising 25.0%
3. Northern Parula – Recorded sightings account for 13.4%
4. American Redstart – Noted in approximately 11.3% of instances
5. Yellow-rumped Warbler – Regularly observed, with a frequency of 10.4%
6. Yellow-breasted Chat – Encountered at a rate of 8.2%
7. Tennessee Warbler – Seen in 7.9% of instances
8. Palm Warbler – Occurrences amount to 7.4%
9. Yellow-throated Warbler – Sightings recorded at 7.4%
10. Prothonotary Warbler – Often spotted, comprising 6.9%
11. Nashville Warbler – Frequently encountered, representing 6.8%
12. Ovenbird – Recorded sightings account for 6.4%
13. Black-throated Green Warbler – Noted in approximately 6.1% of instances
14. Black-and-white Warbler – Encountered at a rate of 5.9%
15. Magnolia Warbler – Seen in 5.7% of instances
16. Chestnut-sided Warbler – Frequently observed, with a frequency of 5.0%
17. Kentucky Warbler – Regularly noted, comprising 5.0%
18. Blackpoll Warbler – Occurrences amount to 4.9%
19. Northern Waterthrush – Sightings recorded at 4.5%
20. Prairie Warbler – Often spotted, representing 4.0%
21. Louisiana Waterthrush – Frequently encountered, with a frequency of 3.7%
22. Blackburnian Warbler – Noted in approximately 3.7% of instances
23. Blue-winged Warbler – Encountered at a rate of 3.4%
24. Cerulean Warbler – Seen in 3.2% of instances
25. Hooded Warbler – Frequently observed, comprising 3.0%
26. Bay-breasted Warbler – Regularly noted, accounting for 2.4%
27. Wilson’s Warbler – Occurrences amount to 2.2%
28. Cape May Warbler – Sightings recorded at 1.8%
29. Canada Warbler – Often spotted, with a frequency of 1.7%
30. Worm-eating Warbler – Frequently encountered, representing 1.5%
31. Pine Warbler – Noted in approximately 1.4% of instances
32. Black-throated Blue Warbler – Encountered at a rate of 1.2%
33. Golden-winged Warbler – Seen in 1.1% of instances
34. Mourning Warbler – Frequently observed, comprising 1.1%
35. Orange-crowned Warbler – Regularly noted, with a frequency of 0.5%
36. Connecticut Warbler – Occurrences amount to 0.5%
Warblers in Indiana during winter:
1. Yellow-rumped Warbler – Spotted at a rate of 2.4%
2. Orange-crowned Warbler – Frequently seen, comprising 0.1%
3. Pine Warbler – Recorded sightings account for 0.1%
4. Palm Warbler – Noted in approximately 0.1% of instances
5. Common Yellowthroat – Encountered at a rate of less than 0.1%
6. Cape May Warbler – Sightings recorded at less than 0.1%
7. Black-throated Blue Warbler – Occurrences amount to less than 0.1%
8. Yellow-throated Warbler – Sightings recorded at less than 0.1%
9. Northern Waterthrush – Encountered at a rate of less than 0.1%
10. Northern Parula – Seen in less than 0.1% of instances
11. Magnolia Warbler – Noted in approximately less than 0.1%
12. Yellow Warbler – Regularly observed, with a frequency of less than 0.1%
13. Tennessee Warbler – Occurrences amount to less than 0.1%
14. Nashville Warbler – Sightings recorded at less than 0.1%
15. Black-throated Green Warbler – Encountered at a rate of less than 0.1%
16. Black-and-white Warbler – Seen in less than 0.1% of instances
17. Louisiana Waterthrush – Noted in approximately less than 0.1%
18. Ovenbird – Regularly observed, comprising less than 0.1%
Attracting Warblers to Your Backyard
While warblers may not be as prevalent as other melodious songbirds in terms of visiting backyard feeders, there are effective methods to entice these charming avian creatures to your yard:
1. If your yard offers sufficient space, provide trees for the warblers’ enjoyment.
2. Embrace a slightly untidy approach by leaving brush piles intact, as it creates a habitat for insects—a welcomed food source for warblers.
3. Abstain from using pesticides or herbicides, ensuring the availability of insects while safeguarding the birds from consuming harmful substances.
4. Establish a clean and accessible water source, as warblers appreciate having a reliable water supply.
5. Consider offering mealworms, preferably live ones, as they are a favored food choice. Dried mealworms can be a suitable alternative if live ones are not readily available.
6. Install bird feeders stocked with sunflower seeds, peanut hearts, and suet, which warblers find enticing.
Guide to Warbler Songs
The enchanting warblers are often heard before they are seen, and familiarizing yourself with their distinct songs can aid in identifying the birds you encounter. Fortunately, some warblers possess songs that are more discernible than others.
The songs of warblers can be described as either buzzy, clear, or trill, and they may exhibit variations in pitch—rising or falling—and incorporate multiple unique sounds. Buzzy notes resemble the sounds of insects, clear notes resemble whistles, and trills are rapid sequences in which individual notes blend together.
For each warbler featured in this guide, you can listen to their respective songs. Additionally, a comprehensive guide showcasing 13 warbler songs that are relatively easy to recognize is available to assist you further.
Warblers with Buzzy Songs:
1. The song of Black-throated Blue Warblers rises and carries a buzzy quality.
2. Prairie Warblers emit songs characterized by a buzzy tone that ascends.
3. Black-throated Green Warblers also produce buzzy songs, occasionally interspersed with a few clear notes in the middle.
4. Blackpoll Warblers deliver clear and steady songs that bear resemblance to the buzzing of insects.
5. Prairie Warblers’ songs possess a buzzy quality and ascend in pitch.
6. Palm Warblers’ songs exhibit a distinct buzziness.
Warblers with Songs
featuring Clear Notes:
1. Common Yellowthroats’ songs consist of a series of rising and falling notes, repeated in a melodic pattern.
2. Ovenbirds sing a succession of notes that rise and fall rhythmically.
3. Hooded Warblers also incorporate clear notes into their songs.
4. Chestnut-sided Warblers’ songs consist of a series of clear, descending notes that accelerate towards the end.
5. Yellow-rumped Warblers produce a sequence of clear notes that gradually fades out.
6. Yellow Warblers’ songs accelerate in tempo.
7. Northern Parulas’ songs feature a rising trill that concludes with a distinctive note, akin to a punctuation mark.
8. Wilson’s Warblers’ songs comprise clear, descending notes that increase in speed.